Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. 12) A clinic gives a drug toa group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients to find out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness. 13) A political pollster reports that his candidate has a $$ 10 \% $$ lead in the polls with $$ 10 \% $$ undecided. 14) A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock with the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter. Determine what type of observational study is described. Explain. 15) Researchers wanted to determine whether there was an association between high blood pressure and the suppression of emotions. The researchers looked at 1800 adults enrolled in a Health Initiative Observational Study. Each person was interviewed and asked about their response to emotions. In particular they were asked whether their tendency was to express or to hold in anger and other emotions. The degree of suppression of emotions was rated on a scale of 1 to 10 . Each person's blood pressure was also measured. The researchers analyzed the results to determine whether there was an association between high blood pressure and the suppression of emotions.

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Let's analyze each description step by step to determine whether they correspond to an observational study or an experiment.

### 12) A clinic gives a drug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients to find out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness.

**Analysis:**
- This scenario involves two groups: one receiving the drug and the other receiving a placebo.
- The key aspect here is that the clinic is actively administering a treatment (the drug) and comparing it to a control (the placebo).
- This setup is characteristic of an **experiment** because it involves manipulation of variables (the drug vs. placebo) to observe the effect on the patients' illness.

### 13) A political pollster reports that his candidate has a $$ 10 \% $$ lead in the polls with $$ 10 \% $$ undecided.

**Analysis:**
- This scenario involves collecting data on public opinion regarding a political candidate.
- The pollster is observing and reporting the results without manipulating any variables or conducting any interventions.
- This is an example of an **observational study** because it involves observing and measuring opinions without any experimental treatment.

### 14) A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock with the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.

**Analysis:**
- In this case, the stock analyst is observing the earnings per share of various stocks and making a selection based on that observation.
- There is no manipulation or intervention involved; the analyst is simply analyzing existing data to make a decision.
- This is also an example of an **observational study** because it involves analyzing data without any experimental treatment.

### 15) Researchers wanted to determine whether there was an association between high blood pressure and the suppression of emotions. The researchers looked at 1800 adults enrolled in a Health Initiative Observational Study. Each person was interviewed and asked about their response to emotions. In particular, they were asked whether their tendency was to express or to hold in anger and other emotions. The degree of suppression of emotions was rated on a scale of 1 to 10. Each person's blood pressure was also measured. The researchers analyzed the results to determine whether there was an association between high blood pressure and the suppression of emotions.

**Analysis:**
- This study involves researchers observing and measuring two variables: blood pressure and emotional suppression.
- The researchers did not manipulate any variables; they simply collected data from the participants and analyzed it for associations.
- This is a type of **observational study**, specifically a **cross-sectional study**, as it looks at the association between two variables at a single point in time without any intervention.

### Summary:
- **12)** Experiment
- **13)** Observational study
- **14)** Observational study
- **15)** Observational study (cross-sectional)
- **12)** Experiment - **13)** Observational study - **14)** Observational study - **15)** Observational study

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