1. What is the difference between a vertical aerial photograph and an orthophoto image? 2. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of an aerial photograph to geographers. 3. What distortions should be removed when an orthophoto is made? 4. List two benefits of using orthophotos.

1. A vertical aerial photograph is taken with the camera pointed straight down (nadir view) but still retains perspective and relief distortions that occur due to terrain variations and lens imperfections. In contrast, an orthophoto image is a geometrically corrected (orthorectified) version of an aerial photograph that has been adjusted to remove these distortions, so it has a uniform scale and can be used for precise measurements. 2. One advantage of an aerial photograph for geographers is that it provides a detailed, realistic view of the landscape, capturing natural and human-made features that are useful for analysis and mapping. One disadvantage is that the image may include distortions (such as perspective and relief distortions) that can make accurate measurements difficult without further processing. 3. When making an orthophoto, distortions such as perspective distortion, relief displacement (variations caused by topography), lens distortion, and any deviations due to camera tilt or sensor irregularities should be removed to ensure that the resulting image has a uniform scale and accurate spatial representation. 4. Two benefits of using orthophotos are:  • They allow for precise measurements and accurate mapping since the image has been corrected to remove distortions.  • They provide a realistic, detailed, and georeferenced base layer that can be easily integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis and decision-making.