\[ \begin{array}{l} \text { 12) } \int \frac{x+2}{\sqrt{-x^{2}-4 x}} d x \\ -x-4 x=-(x+2)^{2}+4 \\ -\int \frac{x+2}{\sqrt{-(x+2)^{2}-4}} \\ u^{2}=(x+2)^{2} \quad a^{2}=4 \quad d u=d x \text {. } \\ u=x+2 \quad a=2 \\ \int \frac{u}{\sqrt{-u^{2}-a^{2}}} d u \\ \left.\begin{array}{l} T=-u^{2} \\ d t=-2 u d u \\ d u=\frac{d T}{-2 u} \end{array}\right\}=\int \frac{H}{\sqrt{-T-a^{2}}} \frac{d t}{-2 H t} \\ \equiv \frac{1}{2} \int\left(T-a^{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} d T \\ =-\frac{1}{2}\left(z^{1}\left(T-a^{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right) \\ =-\sqrt{T-a^{2}}+c \\ =-\sqrt{-(x+2)^{2}-4} \end{array} \]
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Mind Expander
Did you know that improper integrals and the use of substitutions, like the one you see here, date back to the studies of calculus by pioneers such as Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late 17th century? Their work laid the groundwork for understanding areas under curves, leading to modern calculus's development. Integral calculus, in particular, allows us to find solutions to a variety of practical problems, from calculating areas to modeling physical phenomena! When tackling integrals involving substitutions, it's easy to make mistakes with variable changes or limits, especially when squaring terms or applying chain and product rules. Always double-check that your differential terms match correctly during substitutions. If you find yourself dealing with a square root, remember to consider simplifying before diving too deep into complex transformations - sometimes, simpler is better!