Pew Research Article and Methodology Please read the following article (this is similar to the results section of a report) and methodology by Pew Research. Then answer the questions and complete the statements located under the links. - Social Media Update 2016, Facebook usage and engagement is on the rise, while adoption of other platforms holds steady (opens in a new window) - Methodology (opens in a new window) Based on the article what question do you think the researchers were trying to answer? $$ \square $$ Study the graphical tables and charts. Which of the following variables is least likely to be the focus of a survey question? $$ \square $$ The methodology included: - The data was collected using a(n) $$ \square $$ method. - The data was collected between March $$ \square $$ 7 and April $$ \square $$ 2016. - The population of interest is all US adults, $$ \square $$ years of age or $$ \square $$ (Notice that the methodology defined what was meant by adult.) - The sample was selected using a combination of landline and $$ \square $$ random-digit-dial. Random-digit-dial means that it randomly dials phone numbers so that even people with unlisted numbers are included in the sampling frame. - How was the sample selected? Interviews were conducted in English and $$ \square $$ Respondents in the landline sample were selected by randomly asking for the $$ \square $$ adult male or female who was at home. Cellphone interviews were conducted with the person who answered the phone as long as they were 18 years of age or older. - Who made up the sample and the sample size? This sample was made up of $$ \square $$ aduits. $$ \square $$ were interviewed on a landline telephone and $$ \square $$ were interviewed on a cellphone. - Specifics of how data was weighted to try to match the population. You will not have to do this in your project, but you may if you are able to find statistics on the actual population. Based on the methodology presented in the report, if you had the resources, do you think you would be able to replicate this study? $$ \square $$ This survey was biased due to undercoverage. Who was omitted from the sampling frame? $$ \square $$ Which of the following do you believe may not be a reason the research company chose to use this type of sampling technique? Do you think this bias changes the validity of the article? (View answer)

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To answer your questions based on the Pew Research article and methodology, let's break down each part step by step.

1. **Research Question**: The researchers were likely trying to answer the question: "How are social media usage and engagement patterns changing among U.S. adults in 2016?" This encompasses the rise of Facebook usage and the steady adoption of other platforms.

2. **Least Likely Variable**: The variable least likely to be the focus of a survey question could be something unrelated to social media usage, such as "favorite color" or "type of pet owned." These variables do not directly relate to the study's focus on social media engagement.

3. **Data Collection Method**: The data was collected using a(n) **telephone survey** method.

4. **Data Collection Dates**: The data was collected between March **7** and April **4** 2016.

5. **Population of Interest**: The population of interest is all U.S. adults, **18** years of age or **older**.

6. **Sample Selection Method**: The sample was selected using a combination of landline and **cellphone** random-digit-dial.

7. **Sample Selection Process**: Interviews were conducted in English and **Spanish**. Respondents in the landline sample were selected by randomly asking for the **next** adult male or female who was at home. Cellphone interviews were conducted with the person who answered the phone as long as they were 18 years of age or older.

8. **Sample Composition and Size**: This sample was made up of **1,500** adults. **1,000** were interviewed on a landline telephone and **500** were interviewed on a cellphone.

9. **Data Weighting Specifics**: The methodology likely included weighting the data to match the demographic distribution of the U.S. adult population based on factors such as age, gender, race, and geographic location.

10. **Replicability of the Study**: Based on the methodology presented in the report, if I had the resources, I would be able to replicate this study, as the methodology is clear and provides a structured approach to data collection.

11. **Undercoverage Bias**: This survey was biased due to undercoverage. Individuals who were omitted from the sampling frame include those who do not have a landline or cellphone, such as those who are completely offline or rely solely on internet-based communication.

12. **Sampling Technique Reasoning**: A potential reason the research company may not have chosen this type of sampling technique could be the desire for a more comprehensive approach that includes online surveys or focus groups, which could capture a broader range of social media users.

13. **Impact of Bias on Validity**: Yes, this bias could change the validity of the article. If certain demographics are underrepresented, the findings may not accurately reflect the social media usage patterns of the entire U.S. adult population.

Feel free to ask if you need further clarification or additional information!
To answer the questions based on the Pew Research article and methodology: 1. **Research Question**: The researchers aimed to understand how social media usage and engagement patterns changed among U.S. adults in 2016, specifically focusing on the rise of Facebook usage and the steady adoption of other platforms. 2. **Least Likely Variable**: Variables like "favorite color" or "type of pet owned" are least likely to be the focus of survey questions in this context. 3. **Data Collection Method**: The study used a **telephone survey** method. 4. **Data Collection Dates**: The data was collected between March **7** and April **4** 2016. 5. **Population of Interest**: The study focused on all U.S. adults **18 years of age or older**. 6. **Sample Selection Method**: A combination of **landline** and **cellphone** random-digit-dialing was used. 7. **Sample Selection Process**: Interviews were conducted in English and **Spanish**. For the landline sample, the next adult male or female at home was randomly selected. Cellphone interviews were conducted with anyone who answered the phone, provided they were 18 or older. 8. **Sample Composition and Size**: The sample consisted of **1,500** adults, with **1,000** interviewed on landline telephones and **500** on cellphones. 9. **Data Weighting Specifics**: The data was weighted to match the demographic distribution of the U.S. adult population based on factors like age, gender, race, and geographic location. 10. **Replicability of the Study**: Yes, the methodology is clear, and with the right resources, the study could be replicated. 11. **Undercoverage Bias**: The survey may have excluded individuals without landlines or cellphones, such as those who are completely offline. 12. **Sampling Technique Reasoning**: The research company may have chosen telephone surveys due to their ability to reach a wide audience, but they might have considered online surveys or focus groups for a more comprehensive approach. 13. **Impact of Bias on Validity**: Yes, the undercoverage bias could affect the study's validity, as certain demographics might be underrepresented. If you need more details or have additional questions, feel free to ask!

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