\( \begin{array}{l} \int \frac{x^{3}+x+1}{x^{2}+1} d x \\ 0 \\ =\int \frac{x+1}{x^{2}+1} d x+\int \frac{2 x+1}{x^{2}+1} d x \\ =x+1+\frac{2 x+1}{x^{2}+1} \\ \left.\begin{array}{l} u^{2}=x^{2} \\ \begin{array}{l} u=x \\ a^{2}=1 \\ a=1 \end{array} \quad d u=d x \end{array}\right\} \int \frac{x+1}{u^{2}+a^{2}} d u+\ln \left|x^{2}+1\right|+c \\ =x+1 \int \frac{1}{u^{2}+a^{2}} d u+\operatorname{Ln}\left|x^{2}+1\right|+c \\ =x+1(1) \tan ^{-1}(x)+\ln \left|x^{2}+1\right|+c \\ =x+1 \tan ^{-1}(x)+\ln \left|x^{2}+1\right|+c_{11} \end{array} \)
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Bonus Knowledge
Did you know that integration techniques have ancient roots? The concept of finding areas using integrals dates back to the Greeks, with mathematicians like Archimedes using geometric methods to calculate areas and volumes. The formal development of calculus eventually emerged in the 17th century, thanks to Newton and Leibniz, paving the way for modern mathematical analysis. In the real world, understanding integrals helps in various fields like physics and engineering, where you might need to calculate areas under curves to find quantities like displacement, work done, or even fluid flow rates. For example, in physics, the integral of velocity gives you displacement, making it crucial for accurately describing movement!