The ECOWAS Early Warning Mechanism (ECOWARN) plays a critical role in conflict prevention. What is one key function of this system? a. Monitoring and identifying early sign: of conflict in member states b. Facilitating military interventions without UN approval c. Managing arms trade agreements across ECOWAS nations d. Enforcing trade restrictions on countries experiencing conflict

(b) Show that the relation R on the set \( \mathrm{A}=\{1 \), \( 2,3,4,5\} \) given by \( \mathrm{R}=\{(\mathrm{a}, \mathrm{b}):|\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}| \) is even \( \} \) is an equivalence relation.

12. Find a standard basis vector for \( R^{3} \) that can be added to the set \( \left\{\mathbf{v}_{1}, \mathbf{v}_{2}\right\} \) to produce a basis for \( R^{3} \). (a) \( \mathbf{v}_{1}=(-1,2,3), \mathbf{v}_{2}=(1,-2,-2) \) (b) \( \mathbf{v}_{1}=(1,-1,0), \mathbf{v}_{2}=(3,1,-2) \)

Pemilik sebuah restoran perlu membayar cukai perkhidmatan kepada kerajaan kerana nilai perkhidmatan bercukai yang disediakan restorannya melebihi nilai ambang RM1 500000 setahun. Pihak manakah yang bertanggungawab mengutip cukai ini? The owner of a restaurant is required to pay service tar to the government because the value of taxable services provided by his restaurant exceeds the threshold of RM1 500000 per year. Which entity is responsible for collecting sales and service tax? A Majlis Perbandaran B Lemicipal Council B Inland Revenue Board (IRB) C Pejabat Tanah dan Galian D State Land Office Dabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia (JKDM) Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD)

20. If the expression \( \frac{2 i^{2}-3 i}{1-2 i} \) is written in the form \( a+b i \) where a and \( b \) are real numbers and \( i=\sqrt{-1} \), what is the value of a?

A historian is exploring the demographic patterns in West Africa's high forest zone. Which historical factor best explains the hig population density in this area? a. Absence of significant slave raids b. Consistent low temperatures c. Frequent and devastating wars d. Lack of fertile soils for agriculture