20. Juan studied this food web and said that hawks were the last link in every food chain shown. Vicky pointed to a different organism and said that it was the last Unk. Which organism did Vicky identify? What was her reasoning?

(C) State TWO ways in which fermentation process helps to improve [2 marks] quality of food products.

(A) (i) Describe TWO disadvantages of using Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) plate during a surface swab. (ii) Explain TWO purposes of conducting a hand swab test. 12 m

8 Which of the following is a type of universal media? (A) MacConkey Agar. (B) Baird-Parker Agar. (C) \( \quad \) Mannitol Salt Agar. (D) Trypticase Soy Agar. 9

(B) State TWO ways in which flagellum helps a microorganism survive in an open environment. (2 ma All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reco otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Institute of Technical Education, Singapo Institute of Technical Education has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if inadvertently overlooked any, we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements a

Calculate the cfu/cm \( \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) for a tested surface of 4 cm in length and 3 cm in width if the number of colonies on the agar plate is 96 cfu. (A) \( 8 \mathrm{cfu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (B) \( 12 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \). (C) \( 72 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (D) \( 128 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \)