An unknown microbial specimen measures 18 millimetres under a total magnification of 400 x , when examined under the microscope. What is the actual size of the unknown specimen? \( \begin{array}{ll}\text { (A) } 45 \text { micrometres. Total magnification }=400 x \\ \text { (B) } 4.5 \text { micrometres. } \quad \frac{18}{400 x}=0.045 \mathrm{~mm} \\ \text { (C) } 0.45 \text { micrometres. } \\ \text { (D) } 0.045 \text { micrometres. } & \text { micrometers }=0.045 \times 1000=45 \text { micrometers }\end{array} \)

Glycerol a) Name the: (i) Process \( X \) (ii) Enzyme \( Y \) (iii) Molecule Z

(C) State TWO ways in which fermentation process helps to improve [2 marks] quality of food products.

(A) State ONE example of selective media that can be used to isolate [3 marks] EACH of the following microorganisms. (i) Gram positive bacteria. (ii) Staphylococci spp. (iii) Gram negative bacteria.

34 (A) (i) Explain ONE purpose of air monitoring. (ii) Describe TWO factors that will affect air quality.

Calculate the cfu/cm \( \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) for a tested surface of 4 cm in length and 3 cm in width if the number of colonies on the agar plate is 96 cfu. (A) \( 8 \mathrm{cfu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (B) \( 12 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \). (C) \( 72 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (D) \( 128 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \)