Measures of association can do all of the following EXCEPT show the. nature of a relationship between two variables. the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. direction of a relationship between two variables. the causal relationship between two variables. strength of a relationship between two variables.

Measures of association are like the detectives of statistics! They can certainly tell you how closely two variables are related, whether that relationship is positive or negative, and even how strong that relationship is. However, they don't have the superpower to reveal causation. Correlation does not imply causation, meaning just because two variables move together doesn't mean one causes the other to change. For example, think about ice cream sales and drowning incidents. They may both spike in the summer, but eating ice cream doesn’t cause drowning! So, while measures of association can help you see interesting patterns, be careful not to jump to the conclusion that one variable is causing changes in the other. Always dig deeper!