12.1 Identify part A. 12.2 State ONE function of part E. 12.3 During a vasectomy, part $$ A $$ is out anid tied as shown th the diagram, Ssmex will still bo reloased during copulation. Explain the composition of the semnen after a vasectormy. 12.4 In some raro cases, males are born whth part Clocatod inside the body because it failed to descend into the serotum. Explain how this condition may affect male fertitity, 2.5 Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

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**12.1:**  
$$A$$ is the vas deferens.

**12.2:**  
One function of $$E$$ (the seminal vesicle) is to secrete a fructose‐rich fluid that provides energy for the sperm.

**12.3:**  
In a vasectomy the vas deferens (part $$A$$) is cut and tied, which prevents sperm from being transported from the testes to the seminal fluid. However, the accessory glands (such as the seminal vesicles and prostate) continue to function normally. Thus, the semen released during copulation still contains the glandular secretions that make up most of its volume, but it does not contain sperm.

**12.4:**  
Part $$C$$ represents the testis. If a testis fails to descend into the scrotum (a condition known as cryptorchidism), it is exposed to a higher internal body temperature, which can impair spermatogenesis. This may lead to decreased sperm production and reduced fertility, and it can also increase the risk of testicular cancer.

**12.5:**  
Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production in the testes and involves the following steps:

1. **Mitosis:**  
   Spermatogonia (the stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce more spermatogonia. Some of these cells will become primary spermatocytes.

2. **Meiosis I:**  
   Primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes. This reduces the chromosome number by half.

3. **Meiosis II:**  
   The secondary spermatocytes quickly undergo the second meiotic division to produce spermatids.

4. **Spermiogenesis:**  
   The spermatids then differentiate in a process called spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoa (sperm cells) which have a head, midpiece, and tail.

All of these stages occur within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
**12.1:** $$A$$ is the vas deferens. **12.2:** $$E$$ secretes a fluid that provides energy for sperm. **12.3:** After a vasectomy, the vas deferens (part $$A$$) is tied, stopping sperm from reaching the semen. However, the seminal vesicles still produce fluid, so semen is released without sperm. **12.4:** If a testis doesn't move to the scrotum, it stays warmer, which can slow down sperm production and reduce fertility. **12.5:** Spermatogenesis involves sperm cells growing from stem cells, dividing, and transforming into mature sperm with a head, midsection, and tail.

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