2. For each of the listed features, describe its contribution, if any, to the suc- cess of plants. gametangium cuticle rhizoid motile sperm vascular tissue gemma

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- **Gametangium:**  
  The gametangium is a structure in which gametes are produced and protected. This specialized chamber provides a controlled environment for gamete development and fertilization. By encasing the developing gametes, the gametangium helps ensure that fertilization occurs efficiently, contributing to the reproductive success of the plant.

- **Cuticle:**  
  The cuticle is a waxy layer that covers the aerial surfaces of the plant. Its primary contribution is reducing water loss by providing a barrier against evaporation. This adaptation is particularly important for terrestrial plants, as it allows them to maintain hydration in environments where water may be limiting.

- **Rhizoid:**  
  Rhizoids are hair-like structures that function primarily in anchorage and absorption. They help secure the plant to a substrate and facilitate the uptake of water and minerals from the environment. Thus, rhizoids contribute to both the physical stability and the nutritional aspects necessary for the plant’s survival and growth.

- **Motile Sperm:**  
  Motile sperm are capable of swimming through a film of water to reach the egg during fertilization. This mobility is critical in plants that rely on an external water medium for the gametes to meet. The presence of motile sperm is a key feature in many non-seed plants (such as bryophytes and ferns), enhancing genetic recombination and adaptive potential in suitable moist environments.

- **Vascular Tissue:**  
  Vascular tissue, which includes xylem and phloem, is essential for the transport of water, minerals, and organic compounds throughout the plant body. This internal transport system allows plants to grow larger and adapt to a variety of terrestrial environments by efficiently distributing resources. The evolution of vascular tissue was a major step in the diversification and success of higher plants.

- **Gemma:**  
  Gemmae are small, multicellular propagules used for asexual reproduction, commonly found in liverworts. They enable rapid and efficient reproduction without the need for fertilization. This asexual reproductive strategy allows plants to quickly colonize favorable habitats and maintain populations even in environments where sexual reproduction may be less successful.
- **Gametangium:** Protects and supports the development of gametes, ensuring efficient fertilization. - **Cuticle:** Reduces water loss by forming a protective barrier on plant surfaces. - **Rhizoid:** Anchors the plant and aids in the absorption of water and minerals. - **Motile Sperm:** Allows sperm to swim to eggs, facilitating fertilization in moist environments. - **Vascular Tissue:** Transports water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, enabling growth. - **Gemma:** Facilitates asexual reproduction through small propagules.

2. For each of the listed features, describe its contribution, if any, to the suc- cess of plants. gametangium cuticle rhizoid motile sperm vascular tissue gemma

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