5. IDENTIFYING EFFECTS How did nationalism-which drove Hungary to demand its own parliamentary self-rule from the Austrian Empire-finally lead to the failure of Hungary to adequately govern itself?

Nationalism in Hungary, particularly during the 19th century, was a powerful force that fueled the desire for self-rule and independence from the Austrian Empire. However, this same nationalism ultimately contributed to Hungary's difficulties in effectively governing itself for several reasons: 1. **Divisions Among National Groups**: The rise of Hungarian nationalism often marginalized other ethnic groups within the kingdom, such as Slovaks, Romanians, and Serbs. This exclusion fostered resentment and conflict, undermining the unity necessary for effective governance. The focus on a singular Hungarian identity led to internal divisions that complicated the political landscape. 2. **Radical Political Movements**: The fervor of nationalism sometimes manifested in radical political movements that prioritized independence over stability. The 1848 Revolution, for example, was driven by nationalist sentiments but resulted in a chaotic struggle for power. The lack of a cohesive political strategy and the emphasis on national identity over pragmatic governance led to instability. 3. **Economic Challenges**: Nationalism often emphasized cultural and political aspirations at the expense of economic considerations. Hungary faced significant economic challenges, including agrarian issues and industrialization pressures. The focus on national identity and self-rule sometimes distracted from addressing these pressing economic needs, leading to governance that was reactive rather than proactive. 4. **Conflict with the Austrian Empire**: The push for self-rule led to tensions with the Austrian authorities, culminating in military conflicts and political strife. The failure to negotiate effectively with the Austrians and the subsequent military defeat in 1849 resulted in a loss of autonomy and a reassertion of imperial control, which stifled Hungary's ability to govern itself. 5. **Lack of Political Experience**: As Hungary sought to establish its own governance structures, it faced a lack of political experience and institutional frameworks necessary for effective self-rule. The rapid push for independence did not allow for the development of stable political institutions, leading to governance challenges and inefficiencies. In summary, while nationalism was a driving force behind Hungary's desire for self-rule, it also created divisions, fostered radicalism, neglected economic issues, led to conflict with the Austrian Empire, and resulted in a lack of political experience. These factors combined to hinder Hungary's ability to govern itself effectively, ultimately leading to its failure to achieve stable self-rule.