Briefly describe, in words, the effects you would expect in the given situation. A forest situated a few hundred miles from a coal-burning industrial area is subjected regularly to acid rain, with pH 3.1, for many years.

Over the years, persistent exposure to acid rain with such a low pH can severely damage the forest ecosystem. The high acidity leaches essential nutrients like calcium and magnesium from the soil, leading to poor plant growth and making trees more susceptible to diseases, pests, and extreme weather. Many aquatic habitats in nearby streams and rivers may also suffer due to the increased acidity, harming aquatic life and disrupting food chains. Furthermore, the vegetation would likely experience stunted growth and altered leaf development, diminishing the overall biodiversity of the area. Sensitive species might decline or disappear, while opportunistic species that can tolerate harsher conditions might take over, leading to a shift in the ecosystem balance. This long-term stress can make the forest less resilient to other environmental challenges, such as climate change.