The demographic transition model is criticized for its limited applicability to developing countries. Which factor most supports this criticism? a. Consistent fertility rates in rural areas b. High birth rates despite declining death rates c. Limited access to international trade markets d. Rapid industrialization in developing economies

High birth rates despite declining death rates particularly support the criticism of the demographic transition model's applicability to developing countries. In many developing nations, improvements in healthcare and sanitation have led to decreased mortality; however, cultural factors and lack of access to family planning resources often result in persistently high birth rates, thus defying the expected pattern of demographic transition. Furthermore, this discrepancy highlights the difference between the model's stages, which were largely based on Western experiences, and the unique socio-economic contexts of developing countries. These nations often experience a myriad of challenges—like economic instability or cultural traditions—that don't align neatly with the transition model's framework, making it less relevant in diverse global settings.