1.3.1 Identify fronts $$ \mathbf{A} $$ and B on the map. 1.3.2 Identify area $$ X $$ on the satellite image. 1.3.3 Mention the conditions that favoured the formation of tropical cyclone Dikeledi in the South western Indian ocean. 1.3.4 Why do midlatitude cyclones mostly affect the weather of South Africa during winter. 1.3.5 "The notice further indicates that Malawi will experience reduced rainfall" account for the conditions described in the statement. 1.3.6 According to information from DCCMS, the storm is expected to land over northern Madagascar on Sunday, January 12, 2025" Suggest the action plan that the government of Madagascar can apply to reduce the impacts of tropical cyclone Dikeledi. 1.3.7 Draw a well labelled cross section to illustrate the midlatitude stage represented at $$ C $$.

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**1.3.1 Fronts Identification**  
- Front $$ \mathbf{A} $$ is typically marked by a red line on the map. In extratropical systems this line usually represents the warm front where warm air gradually overrides the colder air mass.  
- Front $$ B $$ is generally depicted with a blue line. It corresponds to the cold front where the colder, denser air undercuts the warm air producing sharper temperature contrasts and a band of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds.

**1.3.2 Area $$ X $$ Identification on the Satellite Image**  
- Area $$ X $$ is the region where the satellite image indicates a concentrated cluster of deep convective clouds. This area is associated with vigorous thunderstorm activity and is likely the location where the most intense convection is occurring within or near the tropical cyclone’s core.

**1.3.3 Conditions Favouring Tropical Cyclone Dikeledi Formation**  
The following conditions are essential and were present in the South-western Indian Ocean:  
- Sea surface temperatures sufficiently warm, generally above $$26^\circ	ext{C}$$, providing the necessary heat and moisture.  
- A high degree of atmospheric moisture in the mid-troposphere, which supports deep convection.  
- Low vertical wind shear that allows the cyclone’s structure to remain organized.  
- A pre-existing disturbance (such as a tropical wave) that can initiate the cyclonic rotation by providing the initial spin enhanced by the Coriolis force.

**1.3.4 Midlatitude Cyclones and South African Winter Weather**  
- During winter, the temperature contrast between the cold polar air and the relatively milder subtropical air is enhanced. This increased baroclinicity favours the development and intensification of midlatitude cyclones.  
- The tracks of these cyclones often steer them over South Africa, where the interaction of air masses leads to variable and sometimes severe weather conditions during the winter months.

**1.3.5 Explanation for Reduced Rainfall in Malawi**  
- A tropical cyclone like Dikeledi can alter the large‐scale circulation pattern. The system’s circulation and associated subsidence (downward air motion) in its peripheral regions can lead to stabilization of the atmosphere over areas like Malawi.  
- In addition, the cyclone may divert the usual moisture inflow, resulting in reduced convective activity and, therefore, a reduction in rainfall.

**1.3.6 Proposed Action Plan for the Government of Madagascar**  
To reduce the impacts of tropical cyclone Dikeledi, the government could implement the following measures:  
- **Early Warning and Communication:** Ensure that robust early warning systems are in place to effectively communicate the storm’s approach and expected impacts to all regions.  
- **Evacuation and Emergency Shelters:** Pre-establish evacuation routes and shelters in areas at high risk from flooding or storm surges.  
- **Infrastructure Preparedness:** Secure and reinforce critical infrastructure (bridges, hospitals, power grids) and ensure that emergency response teams are on standby.  
- **Public Awareness and Drills:** Educate the public on cyclone preparedness, conduct drills, and distribute informational materials in local languages.  
- **Coordination with International Agencies:** Collaborate with regional and international disaster management agencies for additional support and resources.

**1.3.7 Cross Section of the Midlatitude Cyclone Stage at $$ C $$**

Below is a schematic cross-section along a horizontal plane cutting through the midlatitude cyclone. Here, the $$ x $$-axis represents the horizontal distance and the $$ y $$-axis the altitude.

```
          Warm Air
             ↑
             │          (Ascending warm sector)
             │        /
             │       /  ← Warm Front
             │      /
             │     / 
      ----------C------------ ← Occluded Front Region (at point C)
             │    \
             │     \
             │      \  ← Cold Front (descending cold air)
             │       \
             ↓        \
          Cold Air       ↓
```

**Labels:**  
- **Warm Front:** The sloping boundary on the left where warm air is forced upward gradually.  
- **Cold Front:** The more steeply inclined boundary on the right where cold air advances and undercuts warm air.  
- **Occlusion at $$ C $$:** The region where the cold front catches up with the warm front, leading to the formation of an occluded front typical of mature midlatitude cyclones.  
- The diagram shows the vertical motion: ascending motion on the warm side (leading to cloud development) and descending motion in the cold sector (stabilizing the lower atmosphere).

This cross-section captures the typical structure of a midlatitude cyclone during its occluded stage.
**1.3.1 Front Identification** - **Front A:** Red line on the map, representing the warm front where warm air meets colder air. - **Front B:** Blue line, indicating the cold front where colder air undercuts warmer air. **1.3.2 Area X Identification** - Area X is the region with a cluster of deep convective clouds on the satellite image, showing intense thunderstorm activity. **1.3.3 Conditions Favoring Tropical Cyclone Dikeledi** - Warm sea surface temperatures ($$26^\circ	ext{C}$$ or higher). - High atmospheric moisture. - Low vertical wind shear. - Presence of a pre-existing disturbance that initiates cyclonic rotation. **1.3.4 Midlatitude Cyclones and South African Winter Weather** - Enhanced temperature contrast between cold polar and milder subtropical air during winter. - Increased baroclinicity favors cyclone development. - Cyclone tracks often pass over South Africa, leading to variable and severe winter weather. **1.3.5 Reduced Rainfall in Malawi** - Cyclone Dikeledi alters atmospheric circulation, leading to subsidence and stabilization over Malawi. - Diverts moisture inflow, resulting in reduced convective activity and rainfall. **1.3.6 Action Plan for Madagascar** - **Early Warning Systems:** Implement robust communication of storm warnings. - **Evacuation Routes:** Establish and secure evacuation paths and shelters. - **Infrastructure Reinforcement:** Secure critical infrastructure and prepare emergency response teams. - **Public Awareness:** Educate the public on cyclone preparedness and conduct drills. - **International Collaboration:** Work with regional and international agencies for additional support. **1.3.7 Midlatitude Cyclone Cross Section at Point C** - **Warm Front:** Sloping boundary where warm air rises. - **Cold Front:** Steep boundary where cold air advances. - **Occlusion at C:** Region where cold front catches up with warm front, forming an occluded front. - **Vertical Motion:** Ascending on the warm side and descending in the cold sector. This cross-section illustrates the typical structure of a midlatitude cyclone during its mature stage.

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