Which of the following may cause restrictive lung disorder?

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1. **Understanding Restrictive Lung Disorder**  
   In restrictive lung disorders, the total lung capacity ($$TLC$$) is reduced. This decrease can arise from:
   - **Parenchymal (intrinsic) abnormalities:** Diseases that affect the lung tissue itself.
   - **Extrapulmonary (extrinsic) abnormalities:** Conditions that impair lung expansion due to abnormalities of the chest wall, pleura, or neuromuscular system.

2. **Intrinsic Causes**  
   These include interstitial lung diseases that lead to scarring (fibrosis), reducing lung compliance. Examples are:
   - **Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis:** A chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by fibrosis.
   - **Pneumoconiosis:** Lung diseases caused by inhaling dusts (e.g., asbestosis, silicosis).
   - **Sarcoidosis:** An inflammatory disease that can involve the lungs and lead to fibrosis.

3. **Extrinsic Causes**  
   These conditions affect the mechanics of lung expansion:
   - **Chest Wall Deformities:** For example, severe kyphoscoliosis can restrict lung expansion.
   - **Neuromuscular Disorders:** Diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and myasthenia gravis can weaken the muscles required for breathing.
   - **Obesity:** Severe obesity can impair the mechanics of breathing due to increased chest wall mass.

4. **Conclusion**  
   Based on the above information, **restrictive lung disorders can be caused by both intrinsic diseases (like interstitial fibrosis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis, or sarcoidosis) and extrinsic issues (such as kyphoscoliosis or neuromuscular diseases)**.  
   Hence, if the options include any interstitial lung disease (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis) or chest wall/neuromuscular disorders, those are correct answers.

For example, if one of the options is "Pulmonary Fibrosis," it is a cause of restrictive lung disorder.
Restrictive lung disorders can be caused by: - **Intrinsic factors:** Diseases like pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis, or sarcoidosis that affect lung tissue. - **Extrinsic factors:** Conditions such as chest wall deformities, neuromuscular diseases, or severe obesity that impair lung expansion. Therefore, options including pulmonary fibrosis or neuromuscular disorders are correct causes of restrictive lung disorders.

Which of the following may cause restrictive lung disorder?

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