A material described as an insulator has how many electrons in its outer shell? less than 4 4 more than 4

Insulators typically have fewer than 4 electrons in their outer shell, which means they don’t easily conduct electricity. These materials, like rubber and glass, are characterized by their inability to allow the flow of electric current, as their outer electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus and don’t move freely. In real-world applications, insulators play a crucial role in electrical systems. They are used to coat wires, keep electrical circuits safe, and prevent accidental shocks. Their ability to resist the flow of electricity makes them essential in everything from household appliances to high-voltage power lines, ensuring a safe and functional electrical infrastructure.