1. Define passive transport and explain diffusion and osmosis. 2. Explain active transport and explain endocytosis and exocytosis. 3. Describe how enzymes affect speed of chemical reactions. List three enzymes and the reactions they facilitate. 4. Write and explain the summary equation for Cell Respiration. 5. Write and explain the summary equation for Photosynthesis.|

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### 1. Passive Transport, Diffusion, and Osmosis

**Passive Transport**: This is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the need for energy input. It relies on the concentration gradient, meaning substances move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

**Diffusion**: This is a type of passive transport where molecules spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. For example, when you open a perfume bottle, the scent molecules diffuse into the air, spreading out until they are evenly distributed.

**Osmosis**: This is a specific type of diffusion that refers to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration (more water) to an area of higher solute concentration (less water) until the concentrations are balanced. This process is crucial for maintaining cell turgor and overall homeostasis.

### 2. Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

**Active Transport**: This is the movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires energy (usually in the form of ATP). This process allows cells to maintain concentrations of certain ions and molecules that differ from their surroundings.

**Endocytosis**: This is the process by which cells engulf substances from their external environment. The cell membrane folds inward to form a pocket around the substance, which then pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. There are different types of endocytosis, including phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).

**Exocytosis**: This is the process by which cells expel materials. Vesicles containing the substances fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell. This is important for processes such as neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion.

### 3. Enzymes and Their Role in Chemical Reactions

**Enzymes**: These are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They are specific to substrates and can be affected by factors such as temperature and pH.

**Three Enzymes and Their Reactions**:
1. **Amylase**: This enzyme breaks down starch into sugars (maltose) in the mouth and small intestine.
2. **Lipase**: This enzyme helps in the digestion of fats by breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
3. **Protease**: This enzyme facilitates the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.

### 4. Summary Equation for Cell Respiration

The summary equation for cellular respiration is:

$$
\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}
$$

**Explanation**: This equation represents the process by which glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is oxidized in the presence of oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of the cell. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for providing energy for cellular activities.

### 5. Summary Equation for Photosynthesis

The summary equation for photosynthesis is:

$$
6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2
$$

**Explanation**: This equation describes how carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are converted into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy, primarily from the sun. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is fundamental for producing organic compounds and oxygen, which are vital for life on Earth.

These explanations provide a comprehensive overview of the topics you've asked about. If you have any further questions or need more details, feel free to ask!
1. **Passive Transport** involves moving substances across a cell membrane without energy, using diffusion (molecules moving from high to low concentration) and osmosis (water moving through a membrane). 2. **Active Transport** uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. **Endocytosis** is when cells engulf substances, and **Exocytosis** is when cells release materials. 3. **Enzymes** speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Examples include: - **Amylase** breaks down starch. - **Lipase** digests fats. - **Protease** breaks down proteins. 4. **Cell Respiration** equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP. 5. **Photosynthesis** equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy → Glucose + Oxygen. These summaries cover the key concepts without additional details.

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