Question
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\( \int _ { 0 } ^ { \pi / 18 } \sin ^ { 5 } ( 9 x ) d x = \square u ^ { 2 } \)

Ask by Hammond Collins. in Mexico
Mar 13,2025

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Answer

La integral \( \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx \) es igual a \( \frac{8}{135} \).

Solution

1. Sea \( I = \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx \). 2. Realizamos el cambio de variable \[ u = \cos(9x), \] de manera que \[ \frac{du}{dx} = -9\sin(9x) \quad \Rightarrow \quad \sin(9x) \, dx = -\frac{1}{9} \, du. \] 3. Notamos que \[ \sin^{5}(9x) = \sin^{4}(9x) \sin(9x) = \left(1-\cos^{2}(9x)\right)^2 \sin(9x). \] Al sustituir \( u = \cos(9x) \), se tiene \[ \sin^{4}(9x) = \left(1-u^{2}\right)^2. \] 4. Ajustamos los límites de integración: - Cuando \( x = 0 \), \( u = \cos(0) = 1 \). - Cuando \( x = \pi/18 \), \( u = \cos\left(9\cdot\frac{\pi}{18}\right) = \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = 0 \). 5. Por lo tanto, la integral se transforma a \[ I = \int_{x=0}^{x=\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx = \int_{u=1}^{u=0} \left(1-u^{2}\right)^2 \left(-\frac{1}{9} \, du\right). \] Invirtiendo los límites: \[ I = \frac{1}{9} \int_{0}^{1} \left(1-u^{2}\right)^2 \, du. \] 6. Expandimos el integrando: \[ \left(1-u^{2}\right)^2 = 1 - 2u^{2} + u^{4}. \] 7. Integramos término a término: \[ \int_{0}^{1} \left(1-2u^{2}+u^{4}\right) du = \left[ u - \frac{2}{3}u^{3} + \frac{1}{5}u^{5} \right]_{0}^{1}. \] Evaluando en \( u=1 \): \[ 1 - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{1}{5}. \] 8. Para simplificar, llevamos a común denominador: \[ 1 - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{1}{5} = \frac{15}{15} - \frac{10}{15} + \frac{3}{15} = \frac{15 - 10 + 3}{15} = \frac{8}{15}. \] 9. Por lo tanto, \[ I = \frac{1}{9} \cdot \frac{8}{15} = \frac{8}{135}. \] 10. Finalmente, se concluye que \[ \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx = \frac{8}{135}. \] Si se requiere expresar esta igualdad en la forma \( \square u^{2} \), el cuadrado de \( u \) resulta de la sustitución y el factor numérico que acompaña es \[ \boxed{\frac{8}{135}}. \]

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Bonus Knowledge

To evaluate \( \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx \), we can use the reduction formula for powers of sine. However, for simplicity, we can first utilize a substitution. Let \( u = 9x \), then \( du = 9 \, dx \) or \( dx = \frac{du}{9} \). The limits change: when \( x = 0 \), \( u = 0 \) and when \( x = \frac{\pi}{18} \), \( u = \frac{\pi}{2} \). Now the integral becomes: \[ \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx = \frac{1}{9} \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \sin^{5}(u) \, du \] The integral \( \int \sin^{n}(u) \, du \) can often be solved using the reduction formula: \[ \int \sin^{n}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{n} \sin^{n-1}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{n-1}{n} \int \sin^{n-2}(u) \, du \] Using this, we can find \( \int \sin^5(u) \, du \): 1. Calculate \( \int \sin^{5}(u) \, du \): - \( n = 5 \) gives us: \[ \int \sin^{5}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{5} \sin^{4}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{4}{5} \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du \] 2. Next, we compute \( \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du \) using the same method: \[ \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{3} \sin^{2}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{2}{3} \int \sin(u) \, du \] 3. Finally, integrate \( \int \sin(u) \, du = -\cos(u) \). Substituting back, we can compute each integral step by step. Once we compute the definite integral of \( \sin^5(u) \) from 0 to \( \frac{\pi}{2} \), we find its value, multiply by \( \frac{1}{9} \), and see that it ultimately equals \( \square u^2 \), specifying \( u^2 \) for the final answer and its simplified form.

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