\( \int _ { 0 } ^ { \pi / 18 } \sin ^ { 5 } ( 9 x ) d x = \square u ^ { 2 } \)
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Bonus Knowledge
To evaluate \( \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx \), we can use the reduction formula for powers of sine. However, for simplicity, we can first utilize a substitution. Let \( u = 9x \), then \( du = 9 \, dx \) or \( dx = \frac{du}{9} \). The limits change: when \( x = 0 \), \( u = 0 \) and when \( x = \frac{\pi}{18} \), \( u = \frac{\pi}{2} \). Now the integral becomes: \[ \int_{0}^{\pi/18} \sin^{5}(9x) \, dx = \frac{1}{9} \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \sin^{5}(u) \, du \] The integral \( \int \sin^{n}(u) \, du \) can often be solved using the reduction formula: \[ \int \sin^{n}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{n} \sin^{n-1}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{n-1}{n} \int \sin^{n-2}(u) \, du \] Using this, we can find \( \int \sin^5(u) \, du \): 1. Calculate \( \int \sin^{5}(u) \, du \): - \( n = 5 \) gives us: \[ \int \sin^{5}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{5} \sin^{4}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{4}{5} \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du \] 2. Next, we compute \( \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du \) using the same method: \[ \int \sin^{3}(u) \, du = -\frac{1}{3} \sin^{2}(u) \cos(u) + \frac{2}{3} \int \sin(u) \, du \] 3. Finally, integrate \( \int \sin(u) \, du = -\cos(u) \). Substituting back, we can compute each integral step by step. Once we compute the definite integral of \( \sin^5(u) \) from 0 to \( \frac{\pi}{2} \), we find its value, multiply by \( \frac{1}{9} \), and see that it ultimately equals \( \square u^2 \), specifying \( u^2 \) for the final answer and its simplified form.
