Question 155 points Which statement is true? Check all that apply. sELECT all that apply Colleges and universities use the Tinker Test for their discipline policies. The Tinker Test is continuing to evolve as more and more forms of online speech develop. When a school's dress code prohibits clothing with inappropriate messages, then that policy has passed the Tinker Test. The results of the Tinker Test are often seen in student handbooks or discipline policies.

1. The Tinker case was decided in 1969 for K–12 settings. Its principles are generally applied to public schools’ restrictions on student expression, not to colleges or universities. College policies usually must conform to broader First Amendment principles, so statement 1 is false. 2. As new forms of digital and online communication emerge, legal challenges involving student speech online continue to test the boundaries set by Tinker. Courts are considering whether the original rationale of Tinker applies in these contexts, so statement 2 is true. 3. The Tinker test permits schools to restrict student expression only if it would “materially and substantially disrupt” school activities. A blanket prohibition in a dress code on clothing with “inappropriate messages” does not automatically meet that standard unless it can be shown that the messages would cause a disruption. Therefore, statement 3 is not necessarily true. 4. Many school discipline policies and student handbooks include language or guidelines influenced by the Tinker decision. These policies often refer to or are interpreted through the lens of Tinker, making statement 4 true. Thus, the true statements are 2 and 4.