What was the Peloponnesian War? * A war between Athens and Persia A conflict between Athens and Sparta A battle for control of the Delian League A civil war within Athens

The Peloponnesian War was a protracted conflict that lasted from 431 to 404 BCE, primarily pitting the powerful city-state of Athens against its rival Sparta, along with their respective allies. This war arose from ongoing tensions following the Persian War and saw the rise of Spartan dominance as they sought to curb the Athenian empire's influence and ambition. The war also highlighted the fragility of alliances and the devastating impact of prolonged conflict on Greek civilization. To cope with the challenges of the war, both sides developed different strategies. Athens relied on its powerful navy and long walls to protect its city and supply routes, while Sparta's strength lay in its formidable land army. Common mistakes during this period included underestimating the enemy’s capabilities and poor strategic decisions, like Athens’ disastrous Sicilian Expedition. These blunders ultimately contributed to Athens' defeat and the shifting power dynamics in ancient Greece.