7. In 1929 , Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, discovered the first anti- biotic when he noticed that colonies of certain staphylococcus bacteria growing in culture plates appeared to die when the plates became contami- nated with the fungus Penicillium. Fleming concluded that a substance dif- fusing from the fungus into the growth medium was causing the bacteria to lyse (break down), and he called this substance penicillin. In its natural environment, what would be the adaptive advantage of a fungus producing and secreting a bacterial inhibitor?

When fungi like Penicillium produce bacterial inhibitors such as penicillin, they gain a significant adaptive advantage in their natural environment. By suppressing the growth of competing bacteria, these fungi can secure valuable resources like nutrients and space, allowing them to thrive and dominate in their ecological niche. This competitive edge helps ensure their survival, reproduction, and the successful colonization of new areas. Moreover, in the soil ecosystem, this natural antibacterial property can maintain a balance between different microbial populations. By regulating bacterial numbers, fungi can foster an environment conducive to their own growth while also supporting other beneficial organisms, creating a harmonious community that bolsters biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.