Sort, NATIONALISM AND NATION-BUILDING South Africa sport has also played an important role in society, firstly to divide so ccepted beforehand that after the first democratic election, the post1994 governmen ivil society would both be challenged in their efforts to unite the ethnic diversity in frica. During the initial process of nationbuilding sport did play a major role, as evidenc te wave of nationalism that swept through the country following the successes of the ugby World Cup and the Africa Cup of Nations. 3.1 Mention FOUR factors that can trigger bad spectators' behavior 3.2 Critically discuss THREE ways in which sport can support nation building ( \( 3 \times 2=6 \) )

### 3.1 Factors that Can Trigger Bad Spectators' Behavior 1. **Alcohol and Substance Use** Consumption of alcohol or other substances can lead to reduced inhibitions and aggressive behavior among spectators. 2. **Perceived Unfairness or Injustice** Controversial or perceived-biased decisions by referees or officials can trigger frustration, resulting in displays of negative behavior. 3. **Intense Rivalries and Nationalistic Sentiments** Deep-seated rivalries, often amplified by strong nationalist emotions, can ignite hostile behavior when one group perceives an insult or defeat of their team. 4. **Poor Crowd Management and Environmental Conditions** Inadequate security, overcrowding, or insufficient organizational measures can escalate tensions, leading to disorderly conduct among fans. --- ### 3.2 Ways in Which Sport Can Support Nation Building 1. **Fostering Unity and a Shared Sense of Identity** - **Explanation:** When people from diverse backgrounds come together to support a national team, sport acts as a unifying platform. - **Critical Perspective:** While sport can bridge ethnic and cultural divides by emphasizing common national pride, there is a risk that it may also reinforce divisions if nationalism turns exclusionary. 2. **Building Social Capital and Enhancing Community Cohesion** - **Explanation:** Sporting events encourage interaction and cooperation among citizens, which builds networks of trust and shared experiences. - **Critical Perspective:** Although increased social capital can strengthen community bonds, the potential for conflicts in highly charged atmospheres underlines the need for proper management and inclusive practices. 3. **Economic, Political, and International Benefits** - **Explanation:** Success in sports can boost a nation’s image, stimulate economic growth through events and related tourism, and promote societal confidence. - **Critical Perspective:** While such achievements can contribute positively to nation building, reliance on sport alone is insufficient; sustainable nation-building also requires robust political, social, and economic policies. \[ 3 \times 2 = 6 \]