GURE 1.3: URBAN HEAT ISLANDS CITY DWELLERS ARE BEARING THE BRUNT OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES hanks to a phenomenon that makes urban areas hotter than their surroundings, cities such as retoria are as much as $$ 6^{\circ} \mathrm{C} $$ hotter than they could be. he heat comes from decades of poor planning. Since the 1950s, the global focus of city frastructure planning has been on cars and on 'getting as big uildings (skyscrapers). I) South Africa's six. big cities, this means tarred roads crisscrossing office blocks overcrowdii ement slabs providing parking for the cars, highrise apartments and an urban heat island. This heir occupants. This both creates with cities storing heat. The World Health Organization (WHO) says urban heat islands, which both raise temperatures and trap pollutants, will have to disappear in this century if future generations are to live healthy ives in cities. A possible way of addressing the issue of heat islands is introducing green strategies. Green strategies are sustainalend Refer to FIGURE 1.3 an extract based on urd 1.3.1 Define the concept urban heat island. 1.3.2 Give TWO quotations from the extract that suggests that poor planning is responsible for increasing temperatures in cities. $$ (2 imes 2) $$ 1.3.3 Why is the urban heat island effect more concentrated at night? (1×1)

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GURE 1.3: URBAN HEAT ISLANDS CITY DWELLERS ARE BEARING THE BRUNT OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES hanks to a phenomenon that makes urban areas hotter than their surroundings, cities such as retoria are as much as $$ 6^{\circ} \mathrm{C} $$ hotter than they could be. he heat comes from decades of poor planning. Since the 1950s, the global focus of city frastructure planning has been on cars and on 'getting as big uildings (skyscrapers). I) South Africa's six. big cities, this means tarred roads crisscrossing office blocks overcrowdii ement slabs providing parking for the cars, highrise apartments and an urban heat island. This heir occupants. This both creates with cities storing heat. The World Health Organization (WHO) says urban heat islands, which both raise temperatures and trap pollutants, will have to disappear in this century if future generations are to live healthy ives in cities. A possible way of addressing the issue of heat islands is introducing green strategies. Green strategies are sustainalend Refer to FIGURE 1.3 an extract based on urd 1.3.1 Define the concept urban heat island. 1.3.2 Give TWO quotations from the extract that suggests that poor planning is responsible for increasing temperatures in cities. $$ (2 	imes 2) $$ 1.3.3 Why is the urban heat island effect more concentrated at night? (1×1)

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Let's break down the questions based on the provided extract about urban heat islands.

### 1.3.1 Define the concept urban heat island.

An **urban heat island (UHI)** is a phenomenon where urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their rural surroundings. This temperature difference is primarily due to human activities, infrastructure, and land use changes, such as the prevalence of buildings, roads, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat.

### 1.3.2 Give TWO quotations from the extract that suggest that poor planning is responsible for increasing temperatures in cities. $$ (2 	imes 2) $$

1. "Since the 1950s, the global focus of city infrastructure planning has been on cars and on 'getting as big buildings (skyscrapers)."
2. "This means tarred roads crisscrossing office blocks overcrowding cement slabs providing parking for the cars, high-rise apartments and an urban heat island."

### 1.3.3 Why is the urban heat island effect more concentrated at night?

The urban heat island effect is more concentrated at night because urban surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, retain heat absorbed during the day and release it slowly at night. This results in higher nighttime temperatures in urban areas compared to rural areas, where heat dissipates more quickly.
1.3.1 **Urban Heat Island (UHI):** An urban heat island is an area where cities are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural regions due to human activities and infrastructure. 1.3.2 **Quotations:** 1. "Since the 1950s, the global focus of city infrastructure planning has been on cars and on 'getting as big buildings (skyscrapers).'" 2. "This means tarred roads crisscrossing office blocks overcrowding cement slabs providing parking for the cars, high-rise apartments and an urban heat island." 1.3.3 **Why UHI is More Concentrated at Night:** At night, urban surfaces like concrete and asphalt continue to release the heat absorbed during the day, leading to higher temperatures in cities compared to rural areas.

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