Which of the following represents a pair of isotopes? A. \(\text { Ca} ^ { 2+ } \) and \(\text { Be} ^ { 2+ } \) B. \(^ { 12} \text { C} \) and \(^ { 14} \text { C} \) C. \(\text { Fe} ^ { 2+ } \) and \(\text { Fe} ^ { 3+ } \) D. \(^ { 7} \text { N} \) and \(^ { 8} \text { O} \)

- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. 
- Option A: \(\text { Ca} ^ { 2+ } \) and \(\text { Be} ^ { 2+ } \) are ions of different elements. 
- Option B: \(^ { 12} \text { C} \) and \(^ { 14} \text { C} \) are both carbon atoms with different numbers of neutrons (6 and 8, respectively). 
- Option C: \(\text { Fe} ^ { 2+ } \) and \(\text { Fe} ^ { 3+ } \) are different ions of the same element but not isotopes. 
- Option D: \(^ { 7} \text { N} \) and \(^ { 8} \text { O} \) are different elements (nitrogen and oxygen).

- Therefore, \(^ { 12} \text { C} \) and \(^ { 14} \text { C} \) represent a pair of isotopes.

Supplemental Knowledge:

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This means they have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Key Characteristics of Isotopes:
1. Same number of protons (same element).
2. Different number of neutrons (different mass numbers).

Applied Knowledge:

Understanding isotopes is fundamental in many fields, from medicine to agriculture and beyond.
Iodine-131 is widely used to treat thyroid conditions due to its unique radiation emission that targets thyroid cells specifically.

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