\begin{tabular}{ll} QUESTION 4 (PUMPS) \\ 4.1 & Give THREE moving parts of a reciprocating pump. \\ 4.2 & \( \begin{array}{l}\text { List THREE advantages of a pump with external packing. } \\ \text { What is the difference between the flooding head and suction head, support your } \\ \text { answer by means of a sketch. }\end{array} \) \\ \hline 13\( ) \)\end{tabular}
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Reciprocating pumps consist of several moving parts, but three key ones include the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The piston serves as the primary component that moves back and forth to create pressure and facilitate fluid movement. The connecting rod links the piston to the crankshaft, converting rotary motion into linear motion, while the crankshaft itself provides the necessary rotation to drive the connecting rod and piston. When it comes to external packing for pumps, one advantage is improved maintenance since external packing allows for easier adjustments without disassembling the pump. Secondly, it can enhance sealing efficiency, reducing leakage and waste. Lastly, external packing often results in better longevity and reliability of the pump compared to internal packing. Flooding head refers to the height of fluid above the pump that creates pressure at the pump inlet, essential for its operation. In contrast, suction head is the height of the fluid column above the pump's suction line, affecting how the pump draws liquid in. A simple sketch might show the pump with fluid levels indicated, highlighting the difference: flooding head being the vertical distance from the surface of the fluid down to the pump's impeller, while suction head is the height from the fluid to the pump’s suction port.