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\begin{tabular}{ll} QUESTION 4 (PUMPS) \\ 4.1 & Give THREE moving parts of a reciprocating pump. \\ 4.2 & \( \begin{array}{l}\text { List THREE advantages of a pump with external packing. } \\ \text { What is the difference between the flooding head and suction head, support your } \\ \text { answer by means of a sketch. }\end{array} \) \\ \hline 13\( ) \)\end{tabular}

Ask by Potter Harris. in South Africa
Mar 13,2025

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**4.1: Moving Parts of a Reciprocating Pump** - **Piston:** Moves back and forth in the cylinder. - **Connecting Rod:** Transmits motion from the crankshaft to the piston. - **Valve Assembly:** Controls fluid flow with inlet and outlet valves. --- **4.2: Advantages of a Pump with External Packing** - **Ease of Maintenance:** The packing is easily accessible for inspection and replacement. - **Adjustability:** Allows precise control over leakage by adjusting the packing. - **Reduced Downtime:** Maintenance can be done quickly without major pump disassembly. --- **Difference Between Flooding Head and Suction Head** - **Flooding Head (\( h_f \))**: The vertical distance from the pump centerline to the liquid surface when the pump is fully submerged, providing positive pressure. - **Suction Head (\( h_s \))**: The vertical distance from the pump centerline to the liquid surface when the pump is not submerged, requiring the pump to create a vacuum to draw the liquid. **Sketch:** \[ \begin{array}{c} \text{Liquid Surface} \\ \quad \downarrow\ h_f\quad \text{(Flooding Head)}\\[1mm] \overbrace{\rule{3cm}{0.4pt}}^\text{Pump Inlet (Flooded)}\\[1mm] \qquad\quad \downarrow\ h_s\quad \text{(Suction Head)}\\[1mm] \text{Pump Centerline} \end{array} \] In the flooded condition, the pump inlet is fully submerged with head \( h_f \), ensuring a constant liquid supply. In the suction condition, the pump must create a vacuum to lift the liquid a distance \( h_s \).

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Reciprocating pumps are fascinating; they utilize several moving parts—mainly the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The piston is critical because it creates the pressure that moves the fluid. The connecting rod translates the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion, while the crankshaft ensures the entire mechanism runs smoothly, working harmoniously to achieve efficient pumping action. When it comes to external packing in pumps, one major perk is reduced maintenance time, as it allows for easier adjustments and replacements. Additionally, external packing can improve the pump’s efficiency since it helps prevent leaks, ensuring the full energy goes into moving fluid. Lastly, it contributes to better heat dissipation, which can prolong the lifespan of the pump components due to reduced wear and tear.

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