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A function \( f \) and a point \( P \) are given. Let \( \theta \) correspond to the direction of the directional derivative. Complete parts (a) through (e). \( f(x, y)=16-3 x^{2}-2 y^{2}, P(2,3) \) a. Find the gradient and evaluate it at \( P \). The gradient at \( P \) is \( \langle-12,-12\rangle \). b. Find the angles \( \theta \) (with respect to the positive \( x \)-axis) associated with the directions of maximum increase, maximum decrease, and zero change. What angle(s) is/are associated with the direction of maximum increase? \( \square \) (Type any angles in radians between 0 and \( 2 \pi \). Type an exact answer, using \( \pi \) as needed. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

Ask by Wang Cook. in the United States
Mar 17,2025

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The angle associated with the direction of maximum increase is \( \frac{5\pi}{4} \).

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To find the angles associated with maximum increase, maximum decrease, and zero change, we start with the gradient evaluated at point \( P(2, 3) \), which is \( \nabla f(2, 3) = \langle -12, -12 \rangle \). The direction of maximum increase is along the gradient vector itself. To find the angle \( \theta \) of this vector with respect to the positive \( x \)-axis, we can use the tangent function: \[ \tan(\theta) = \frac{y}{x} = \frac{-12}{-12} = 1. \] The angle \( \theta \) corresponding to this tangent value is \( \frac{3\pi}{4} + k\pi \) for any integer \( k \). Within the range \( [0, 2\pi) \), the specific angle for maximum increase is \( \frac{5\pi}{4} \). The direction of maximum decrease is in the opposite direction of the gradient, which gives us \( \theta = \frac{5\pi}{4} + \pi = \frac{9\pi}{4} \). However, we can simplify this to \( \theta = \frac{\pi}{4} \) when we place it within the range. For zero change, the angles are \( \theta = \frac{\pi}{2} \) and \( \frac{3\pi}{2} \), which are orthogonal to the gradient direction. So, we have: - Maximum increase direction angle: \( \frac{5\pi}{4} \) - Maximum decrease direction angle: \( \frac{3\pi}{4} \) - Zero change angles: \( \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2} \) The angles associated with maximum increase are \( \frac{5\pi}{4} \).

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