(d) Draw a labelled diagram showing the DNA replication process. Show the different enzymes and proteins involved in the process.

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```markdown
                         Replication Fork
                               │
                 ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
                 │                           │
           (SSB proteins)               (SSB proteins)
               bind to                    bind to
          single-stranded DNA         single-stranded DNA
                 │                           │
                 │                           │
            ┌────┴────┐                ┌─────┴─────┐
            │ Helicase│                │ Helicase  │
            └────┬────┘                └─────┬─────┘
                 │                           │
           Unwinds the DNA            Unwinds the DNA
                 │                           │
         ┌───────┴────────┐          ┌───────┴────────┐
         │                │          │                │
         ▼                ▼          ▼                ▼
     ┌─────────┐     ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐     ┌─────────┐
     │ Primase │     │ Primase │  │ Primase │     │ Primase │
     └────┬────┘     └────┬────┘  └────┬────┘     └────┬────┘
          │                │           │              │
  Synthesizes RNA      Synthesizes RNA   Synthesizes RNA    Synthesizes RNA
     primers (5'→3')   primers (5'→3')   primers (5'→3')    primers (5'→3')
          │                │           │              │
          ▼                ▼           ▼              ▼
  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │          DNA Polymerase III                  │
  │ (Main enzyme for DNA synthesis extending RNA primer) │
  └──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
          │                │
   Leading Strand   Lagging Strand
     (Continuous)   (Discontinuous)
          │                │
          ▼                ▼
  Continuous synthesis  Synthesizes short segments
     in the 5' to 3'   called Okazaki fragments
          direction            in the 5' to 3' direction,
          using            but overall 3' to 5' template
          template strand         reading
          in 3' to 5'
                               │
                               ▼
                 ┌────────────────────────┐
                 │ RNA Primer Removal and │
                 │  Gap Filling           │
                 │  (DNA Polymerase I)    │
                 └────────────────────────┘
                               │
                               ▼
                 ┌────────────────────────┐
                 │ Fragment Joining       │
                 │ (DNA Ligase)           │
                 └────────────────────────┘

Additional Notes:
- The replication fork is the Y‐shaped region where the double‐stranded DNA is separated.
- $$ 	ext{Helicase} $$ unwinds the double helix, while the single-strand binding (SSB) proteins stabilize the unwound strands.
- $$ 	ext{Primase} $$ synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a free 3΄-OH group.
- $$ 	ext{DNA Polymerase III} $$ extends from these primers synthesizing new DNA continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand (creating Okazaki fragments).
- $$ 	ext{DNA Polymerase I} $$ later replaces the RNA segments with DNA.
- $$ 	ext{DNA Ligase} $$ seals the nicks between the Okazaki fragments to ensure a continuous DNA strand.
```
Here's a simplified diagram of the DNA replication process: ``` Replication Fork │ Helicase unwinds DNA │ SSB proteins stabilize single strands │ Primase synthesizes RNA primers │ DNA Polymerase III extends DNA Leading Strand: Continuous synthesis Lagging Strand: Synthesizes Okazaki fragments │ RNA primers removed and gaps filled by DNA Polymerase I │ Fragments joined by DNA Ligase ``` This shows the main enzymes and steps involved in DNA replication.

(d) Draw a labelled diagram showing the DNA replication process. Show the different enzymes and proteins involved in the process.

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