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\( \begin{array}{ll}\text { a) } \frac{\tan \left(360^{\circ}+\theta\right) \cdot \cos (-\theta)}{\cos \left(360^{\circ}-\theta\right)} & \text { (b) } \frac{\sin \left(180^{\circ}-x\right)-\sin (-x)}{\sin \left(360^{\circ}+x\right)} \\ \text { c) } \frac{\sin \left(720^{\circ}-\alpha\right) \cdot \tan (-\alpha)}{\sin \left(720^{\circ}+\alpha\right) \cdot \tan \left(360^{\circ}-\alpha\right)} & \text { (d) } \frac{\cos \left(720^{\circ}+\theta\right)-\cos (-\theta)}{\tan \left(180^{\circ}-\theta\right)} \\ \text { e) } \frac{\sin \left(180^{\circ}-\mathrm{A}\right) \cdot \cos (-\mathrm{A})}{\sin \left(360^{\circ}-\mathrm{A}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathrm{A}-180^{\circ}\right)} & \text { (f) } \frac{\tan \left(-x+180^{\circ}\right) \cdot \sin \left(x-360^{\circ}\right)}{\sin \left(360^{\circ}-x\right)} \\ \text { g) } \frac{\sin \left(\theta+180^{\circ}\right) \cdot \tan ^{2}\left(180^{\circ}-\theta\right)}{\tan \left(\theta-180^{\circ}\right) \cdot \sin \left(1080^{\circ}-\theta\right)} & \text { (h) } \frac{\sin ^{2}\left(180^{\circ}+\mathrm{B}\right) \cdot \cos \left(-\mathrm{B}-180^{\circ}\right)}{\sin \left(\mathrm{B}-360^{\circ}\right) \cdot \cos \left(180^{\circ}-\mathrm{B}\right)} \\ \text { i) } \frac{\tan ^{2}\left(x-180^{\circ}\right) \cdot \sin \left(540^{\circ}-x\right)}{\sin \left(180^{\circ}-x\right) \cdot \tan \left(-x-360^{\circ}\right)} & \text { (j) } \frac{\sin \left(\theta-180^{\circ}\right) \cdot \cos \left(540^{\circ}+\theta\right) \cdot \sin (-\theta)}{\cos \left(180^{\circ}-\theta\right) \cdot \sin ^{2}\left(180^{\circ}+\theta\right)}\end{array} \)

Ask by Stuart Bond. in South Africa
Mar 09,2025

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\( \textbf{(a)} \) \( \tan\theta \) \( \textbf{(b)} \) \( 2 \) \( \textbf{(c)} \) \( -1 \) \( \textbf{(d)} \) \( 0 \) \( \textbf{(e)} \) \( 1 \) \( \textbf{(f)} \) \( \tan x \) \( \textbf{(g)} \) \( \frac{\sin(\theta+180^\circ)\cdot \tan^2(180^\circ-\theta)}{\tan(\theta-180^\circ)\cdot\sin(1080^\circ-\theta)} \)

Solution

\( \textbf{(a)} \) We have \[ \frac{\tan(360^\circ+\theta)\cdot\cos(-\theta)}{\cos(360^\circ-\theta)}. \] Since \[ \tan(360^\circ+\theta)=\tan\theta \quad \text{(tangent has period \(180^\circ\))}, \] \[ \cos(-\theta)=\cos\theta \quad \text{(cosine is even)}, \] and \[ \cos(360^\circ-\theta)=\cos\theta \quad \text{(cosine has period \(360^\circ\))}, \] the expression becomes \[ \frac{\tan\theta\,\cos\theta}{\cos\theta}=\tan\theta. \] \( \textbf{(b)} \) The expression is \[ \frac{\sin(180^\circ-x)-\sin(-x)}{\sin(360^\circ+x)}. \] Note that \[ \sin(180^\circ-x)=\sin x, \] \[ \sin(-x)=-\sin x, \] so the numerator is \[ \sin x-(-\sin x)=2\sin x. \] Also, \[ \sin(360^\circ+x)=\sin x, \] thus \[ \frac{2\sin x}{\sin x}=2. \] \( \textbf{(c)} \) We consider \[ \frac{\sin(720^\circ-\alpha)\cdot\tan(-\alpha)}{\sin(720^\circ+\alpha)\cdot\tan(360^\circ-\alpha)}. \] Since cosine and sine have period \(360^\circ\), \[ \sin(720^\circ-\alpha)=\sin(-\alpha)=-\sin\alpha, \] \[ \sin(720^\circ+\alpha)=\sin\alpha. \] Also, since tangent is odd, \[ \tan(-\alpha)=-\tan\alpha. \] For the remaining term, note that \[ \tan(360^\circ-\alpha)=\tan(-\alpha)=-\tan\alpha. \] Thus the numerator becomes \[ (-\sin\alpha)(-\tan\alpha)=\sin\alpha\,\tan\alpha, \] and the denominator: \[ \sin\alpha\,(-\tan\alpha) = -\sin\alpha\,\tan\alpha. \] Therefore, \[ \frac{\sin\alpha\,\tan\alpha}{-\sin\alpha\,\tan\alpha}=-1. \] \( \textbf{(d)} \) The expression is \[ \frac{\cos(720^\circ+\theta)-\cos(-\theta)}{\tan(180^\circ-\theta)}. \] Since \[ \cos(720^\circ+\theta)=\cos\theta \quad \text{(cosine’s period is \(360^\circ\))}, \] and \[ \cos(-\theta)=\cos\theta, \] the numerator is \[ \cos\theta-\cos\theta=0. \] Thus the whole expression equals \(0\). \( \textbf{(e)} \) We simplify \[ \frac{\sin(180^\circ-A)\cdot\cos(-A)}{\sin(360^\circ-A)\cdot\cos(A-180^\circ)}. \] First, \[ \sin(180^\circ-A)=\sin A \quad \text{and} \quad \cos(-A)=\cos A. \] Next, \[ \sin(360^\circ-A)=\sin(-A)=-\sin A, \] and \[ \cos(A-180^\circ)=\cos(-(180^\circ-A))=\cos(180^\circ-A)=-\cos A. \] Thus the denominator becomes \[ (-\sin A)(-\cos A)=\sin A\,\cos A. \] So the full expression is \[ \frac{\sin A\,\cos A}{\sin A\,\cos A}=1. \] \( \textbf{(f)} \) We have \[ \frac{\tan(-x+180^\circ)\cdot \sin(x-360^\circ)}{\sin(360^\circ-x)}. \] Since \[ \tan(180^\circ-x)= -\tan x, \] we get \[ \tan(-x+180^\circ)=-\tan x. \] Also, \[ \sin(x-360^\circ)=\sin x \quad \text{and} \quad \sin(360^\circ-x)=\sin(-x)=-\sin x. \] Thus, the expression becomes \[ \frac{(-\tan x)\,\sin x}{-\sin x}=\tan x. \] \( \textbf{(g)} \) Consider \[ \frac{\sin(\theta+180^\circ)\cdot \tan^2(180^\circ-\theta)}{\tan(\theta-180^\circ)\cdot\sin(1080^\circ-\theta)}.

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The Deep Dive

Did you know that trigonometric identities, like those used in evaluating angle transformations, date back to ancient civilizations? The Babylonians were using base-60 for angles around 2000 BCE, long before the concept of a degree was widely accepted. In fact, the sine function itself was conceptualized in India around the 7th century AD! These early mathematicians established the foundational concepts that still play a crucial role in our trigonometric calculations today. When working with the trigonometric functions shown in your question, it's super easy to trip up on angle transformations! A common mistake is forgetting the periodic nature of these functions. For instance, both sine and cosine have a period of \(360^{\circ}\), which means any angle can be adjusted by adding or subtracting full rotations without affecting the value. So remember, when in doubt, simplify by reducing angles back to their principal values!

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