b. Explain IN WORDS, why this occurs. the color you see if what is reflected 12. The amount that light refracts depends on 13. A child plays with a black ball. Explain why the ball looks black. 14. Explain what needs to occur in order for someone to see any object. 15. What happens to light when it strikes the glass in a window? 16. Why is something white? 17. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? a. Which type of EM wave has the highest energy? b. Which type of EM wave has the longest wavelength? 18. Why is the lettering on the front of some vehicles backwards? IכWIA.JU\&MA 19. What is the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another? 20. What happens when I change the frequency of a sound wave? 21. What happens when I change the amplitude of a sound wave? 22. What happens when I increase the wavelength of a sound wave? 23. What is the Doppler effect? Give an example of when you might experience the Doppler effect. 24. Can you hear sounds in a vacuum? Why or why not? 25. What causes echoes? 26. What are the two types of interference? Give an example of each.

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12. **The amount that light refracts depends on**: The amount of light refraction depends on the indices of refraction of the two media involved. When light passes from one medium to another (like air to water), it changes speed, which causes it to bend. The greater the difference in the indices of refraction, the more the light will bend.

13. **Explain why the ball looks black**: A black ball appears black because it absorbs most of the visible light that hits it and reflects very little. The colors we perceive are determined by the wavelengths of light that are reflected; since the black ball reflects almost none, it appears black to our eyes.

14. **Explain what needs to occur in order for someone to see any object**: For someone to see an object, light must be emitted or reflected from that object and enter the observer's eyes. The light is then focused by the lens of the eye onto the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, allowing the person to perceive the object.

15. **What happens to light when it strikes the glass in a window?**: When light strikes the glass in a window, it can be reflected, refracted, or transmitted. Some light is reflected off the surface of the glass, some is refracted as it passes through the glass, and the rest is transmitted through the glass, allowing us to see through it.

16. **Why is something white?**: An object appears white because it reflects nearly all wavelengths of visible light equally. When light hits a white object, it does not absorb any specific color but instead reflects all colors, which combine to create the perception of white.

17. **What is the electromagnetic spectrum?**: The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, which includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of radiation has a different wavelength and frequency.

a. **Which type of EM wave has the highest energy?**: Gamma rays have the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum due to their short wavelengths and high frequencies.

b. **Which type of EM wave has the longest wavelength?**: Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.

18. **Why is the lettering on the front of some vehicles backwards?**: The lettering on the front of some vehicles is designed to be viewed in a rearview mirror, which reverses the image. This is often seen on emergency vehicles, allowing drivers to read the text correctly when they see it in their mirrors.

19. **What is the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another?**: The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another is called refraction. This occurs due to the change in speed of the wave as it enters a different medium.

20. **What happens when I change the frequency of a sound wave?**: When the frequency of a sound wave is changed, the pitch of the sound changes. Higher frequencies result in higher pitches, while lower frequencies produce lower pitches.

21. **What happens when I change the amplitude of a sound wave?**: Changing the amplitude of a sound wave affects its loudness. A larger amplitude results in a louder sound, while a smaller amplitude produces a softer sound.

22. **What happens when I increase the wavelength of a sound wave?**: Increasing the wavelength of a sound wave generally results in a decrease in frequency, which lowers the pitch of the sound. Longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies.

23. **What is the Doppler effect? Give an example of when you might experience the Doppler effect**: The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. An example is the change in pitch of a passing siren; as the vehicle approaches, the pitch is higher, and as it moves away, the pitch is lower.

24. **Can you hear sounds in a vacuum? Why or why not?**: No, you cannot hear sounds in a vacuum because sound requires a medium (like air, water, or solids) to travel through. In a vacuum, there are no particles to transmit the sound waves.

25. **What causes echoes?**: Echoes are caused by the reflection of sound waves off surfaces. When sound waves hit a hard surface, they bounce back, allowing the original sound to be heard again after a short delay.

26. **What are the two types of interference? Give an example of each**: The two types of interference are constructive interference and destructive interference.

- **Constructive interference** occurs when two waves meet in phase, resulting in a wave of greater amplitude. An example is when two sound waves combine to produce a louder sound.
   
   - **Destructive interference** occurs when two waves meet out of phase, resulting in a wave of lower amplitude or cancellation. An example is when noise-canceling headphones use destructive interference to reduce unwanted ambient sounds.
Here are simplified explanations for each question: 12. **Refraction depends on the difference in the materials the light passes through.** 13. **A black ball absorbs all light and reflects none, making it appear black.** 14. **To see an object, light must reflect off it and enter your eyes, focusing on the retina.** 15. **When light hits glass, some is reflected, some is bent (refracted), and some passes through.** 16. **Something white reflects all colors of light, making it appear white.** 17. **The electromagnetic spectrum includes all types of light, from radio waves to gamma rays.** a. **Gamma rays have the highest energy.** b. **Radio waves have the longest wavelength.** 18. **Lettering on vehicles is reversed for correct viewing in rearview mirrors.** 19. **Refraction is the bending of a wave when it moves from one medium to another.** 20. **Changing the frequency of a sound wave changes its pitch.** 21. **Changing the amplitude of a sound wave changes its loudness.** 22. **Increasing the wavelength of a sound wave decreases its frequency, lowering the pitch.** 23. **The Doppler effect is the change in pitch of a sound as the source moves.** 24. **No, sound cannot travel in a vacuum because there's no medium for the waves to pass through.** 25. **Echoes happen when sound bounces off surfaces, returning to the listener.** 26. **Interference can be constructive (waves add up) or destructive (waves cancel each other out).**

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