Study FIGURE 1.8 on the effects of EI NIf̈o and La NIfa and answer the questions that follow. 1.8.1 Define EI Niño and La Nif̆ia. $$ (2 imes 1)(2) $$ 1.8.2 In a paragraph of not more than 8 lines describe the effects of EI Niffo to humans. $$ (4 imes 2)(8) $$ 1.8.3 Is EI Niño associated with drought or flooding? 1.8.4 In which ocean do El Niño events starts? $$ (1 imes 1)(1) $$ FIGURE 1.8: CASE STUDY The Effects of EI NIfio and La Nifia El Niño, warmer than average waters in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño affects global weather and climate. East Africa experienced dry conditions earlier in the year due to El Nif̄o and could experience excess rainfall and flooding from October to December. The impact of weather is visible on food prices and economies. It cen reduce the supply of agricultural commodities and output, limit certain economic actlyty, usive inflation, and may trigger social unrest in poor countries due to disruptions of frod supply and production. There are a couple of major effects of El Nifio on East Africa, 1) Dreughi or unseasonable dryness due to depressed rainfall in July to Sectember in Etwiopta Es Flooding or rain-induced crop damaged due to strengthened rainfolis frert Octioter to December across the Horn of Africa. The effects of EI Nif̋o and La Nifia have broad-reaching effecte ory tigh wiwn what. In countries like Kenya and Ethiopia, 80\% of people are smalliskier eirynote sexis ciesn live hand-to-mouth. Setbacks on crop ylelds, food securlty and income sakseds sy climate events, like a drought or a flood, means economic hoursheto receserf : thyy take not days or months, but years. Governments, communities and civil society are not yet equipesd or realient ic stuk on he challenge alone. It thus becomes a global imperative to assists.

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Study FIGURE 1.8 on the effects of EI NIf̈o and La NIfa and answer the questions that follow. 1.8.1 Define EI Niño and La Nif̆ia. $$ (2 	imes 1)(2) $$ 1.8.2 In a paragraph of not more than 8 lines describe the effects of EI Niffo to humans. $$ (4 	imes 2)(8) $$ 1.8.3 Is EI Niño associated with drought or flooding? 1.8.4 In which ocean do El Niño events starts? $$ (1 	imes 1)(1) $$ FIGURE 1.8: CASE STUDY The Effects of EI NIfio and La Nifia El Niño, warmer than average waters in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño affects global weather and climate. East Africa experienced dry conditions earlier in the year due to El Nif̄o and could experience excess rainfall and flooding from October to December. The impact of weather is visible on food prices and economies. It cen reduce the supply of agricultural commodities and output, limit certain economic actlyty, usive inflation, and may trigger social unrest in poor countries due to disruptions of frod supply and production. There are a couple of major effects of El Nifio on East Africa, 1) Dreughi or unseasonable dryness due to depressed rainfall in July to Sectember in Etwiopta Es Flooding or rain-induced crop damaged due to strengthened rainfolis frert Octioter to December across the Horn of Africa. The effects of EI Nif̋o and La Nifia have broad-reaching effecte ory tigh wiwn what. In countries like Kenya and Ethiopia, 80\% of people are smalliskier eirynote sexis ciesn live hand-to-mouth. Setbacks on crop ylelds, food securlty and income sakseds sy climate events, like a drought or a flood, means economic hoursheto receserf : thyy take not days or months, but years. Governments, communities and civil society are not yet equipesd or realient ic stuk on he challenge alone. It thus becomes a global imperative to assists.

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### 1.8.1 Define EI Niño and La Niña.

**EI Niño** is a climate pattern characterized by warmer than average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon can disrupt normal weather patterns globally, leading to various climatic effects.

**La Niña**, on the other hand, is the counterpart to EI Niño, marked by cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the same regions of the Pacific Ocean. La Niña typically results in opposite weather patterns compared to EI Niño, often bringing increased rainfall to some areas and drought to others.

### 1.8.2 Effects of EI Niño on Humans

EI Niño has significant impacts on human populations, particularly in regions like East Africa. The phenomenon can lead to severe droughts, causing unseasonable dryness and reduced rainfall, which directly affects agricultural productivity. This reduction in crop yields can lead to food shortages, driving up food prices and exacerbating economic instability. In countries where a large portion of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihood, such as Kenya and Ethiopia, these effects can trigger social unrest and increase poverty levels. Additionally, the flooding associated with EI Niño can damage infrastructure, disrupt local economies, and displace communities, further complicating recovery efforts. Overall, the socio-economic consequences of EI Niño can take years to overcome, highlighting the need for global support and resilience-building measures.

### 1.8.3 Is EI Niño associated with drought or flooding?

EI Niño is associated with both drought and flooding. It can cause drought conditions in some regions due to reduced rainfall, while simultaneously leading to excessive rainfall and flooding in other areas.

### 1.8.4 In which ocean do El Niño events start?

El Niño events start in the Pacific Ocean.
### 1.8.1 Definitions - **EI Niño**: A climate pattern with warmer than average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. - **La Niña**: A climate pattern with cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the same regions of the Pacific Ocean. ### 1.8.2 Effects of EI Niño on Humans EI Niño can cause severe droughts, leading to reduced rainfall and crop failures. This results in higher food prices, economic instability, and increased poverty in regions like East Africa. Additionally, flooding associated with EI Niño can damage infrastructure and disrupt local economies, potentially causing social unrest and long-term economic downturns. ### 1.8.3 Association with Drought or Flooding EI Niño is associated with both drought and flooding. It can lead to drought conditions in some areas due to reduced rainfall and cause excessive rainfall and flooding in other regions. ### 1.8.4 Ocean of El Niño Events El Niño events originate in the Pacific Ocean.

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