QUESTION 1: HOW DID STALIN IMPLEMENT COLLECTIVISATION DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEAR PLANS IN RUSSIA FROM 1928 TO \( 1932 ? \) Answer all the source based questions. The sources required to answer these questions are contained in the Addendum. Use sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D to answer the following questions. 1.1 Refer to Source 1A. 1.1.1 Why, according to the source, was the NEP (New Economic Policy) viewed as a retreat by some people in the communist hierarchy? \( (2 \times 1) \quad(2) \) 1.1.2 Define the term communist in your own words. \( (1 \times 2) \quad(2) \) 1.1.3 Comment on what is implied by the phrase: "The NEP was a temporary measure" in the context of Lenin's implementation of communism. \( (2 \times 2)(4) \) 1.1.4 Why, according to the source, was the NEP viewed as a failure by the communists? \( (2 \times 1)(2) \) 1.2 Consult Source 1B. 1.2.1 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, comment on how you think Stalin planned to achieve socialism in Russia which he termed: "Socialism in one country" \( (2 \times 2)(4) \) 1.2.2 What, according to Stalin, was the way out of a complete collapse of the whole national economy? (1×2) (2) 1.2.3 Mention the TWO ways Stalin suggested would be used to make agriculture large scale. \( (2 \times 1)(2 \)

### 1.1 Refer to Source 1A #### 1.1.1 Some members of the communist hierarchy viewed the NEP as a retreat because it reintroduced elements of market capitalism into the economy. The policy allowed private trade and small-scale private ownership which contrasted with the ideal of complete state control and communal ownership envisioned in communism. #### 1.1.2 A communist is someone who supports a system where the means of production are owned in common by society, with the goal of eliminating class divisions and ensuring that wealth and power are distributed equitably among all individuals. #### 1.1.3 The phrase “The NEP was a temporary measure” implies that Lenin saw the NEP as a provisional strategy. It was designed to stabilize the economy and rebuild the productive capacity after the turmoil of revolution and civil war. However, Lenin intended to eventually move towards a fully communist society once the country had recovered economically and the socialist institutions became firmly established. #### 1.1.4 According to the source, the NEP was viewed as a failure by the communists because it did not fully eliminate capitalist practices. The persistence of private trade and profit motives was seen as a betrayal of communist principles, as it allowed inequality to resurface and undermined the push toward a complete revolutionary transformation of society. --- ### 1.2 Consult Source 1B #### 1.2.1 Stalin’s approach to achieving “Socialism in one country” was to focus on internal consolidation and rapid industrialization. He believed that by forcing rapid development of heavy industry and transforming agriculture through collectivisation, the Soviet Union could become economically self-sufficient and powerful. This strategy meant prioritizing domestic production and centralized planning over reliance on international revolution. By concentrating resources on building up infrastructure and central control of the economy, Stalin aimed to create a strong socialist state even in the absence of a global communist revolution. #### 1.2.2 Stalin argued that the way out of a complete collapse of the national economy was to rapidly industrialize and collectivise agriculture. This centralised approach was seen as essential for mobilizing resources, improving efficiency, and building a self-reliant economy capable of surviving internal and external challenges. #### 1.2.3 Stalin suggested two methods to make agriculture large scale: 1. The establishment of large collective farms (kolkhozes) by amalgamating individual peasant plots into cooperatively managed units. 2. The formation of state farms (sovkhozes) where agriculture was run and controlled directly by the state, ensuring centralized planning and mechanisation in farming practices.