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Evaluate the following integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. \( \int_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2}(\cos x-2) \mathrm{dx} \) \( \int_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2}(\cos x-2) \mathrm{dx}=\square \) \( ( \) Type an exact answer.)

Ask by Sanders George. in the United States
Mar 08,2025

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Answer

The integral \( \int_{-9\pi/2}^{9\pi/2} (\cos x - 2) \, dx \) equals \( 2 - 18\pi \).

Solution

Calculate the integral \( \int_{-9\pi/2}^{9\pi/2} (\cos(x)-2) dx \). Evaluate the integral by following steps: - step0: Evaluate using formulas and rules: \(\int_{\frac{-9\pi }{2}}^{\frac{9\pi }{2}} \left(\cos\left(x\right)-2\right) dx\) - step1: Rewrite the fraction: \(\int_{-\frac{9\pi }{2}}^{\frac{9\pi }{2}} \left(\cos\left(x\right)-2\right) dx\) - step2: Evaluate the integral: \(\int \left(\cos\left(x\right)-2\right) dx\) - step3: Use properties of integrals: \(\int \cos\left(x\right) dx+\int -2 dx\) - step4: Evaluate the integral: \(\sin\left(x\right)+\int -2 dx\) - step5: Evaluate the integral: \(\sin\left(x\right)-2x\) - step6: Return the limits: \(\left(\sin\left(x\right)-2x\right)\bigg |_{-\frac{9\pi }{2}}^{\frac{9\pi }{2}}\) - step7: Calculate the value: \(2-18\pi \) The integral \( \int_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2}(\cos x-2) \mathrm{dx} \) evaluates to \( 2 - 18\pi \).

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To evaluate the integral \( \int_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2}(\cos x-2) \mathrm{dx} \), we can use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. First, we will find the antiderivative of \( \cos x - 2 \): \[ \int (\cos x - 2) \, dx = \sin x - 2x + C \] Now we will evaluate the definite integral from \( -9 \pi / 2 \) to \( 9 \pi / 2 \): \[ \left[ \sin x - 2x \right]_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2} \] Calculating the upper limit: \[ \sin(9 \pi / 2) - 2(9 \pi / 2) = \sin(4\pi + \pi/2) - 9\pi = 1 - 9\pi \] Calculating the lower limit: \[ \sin(-9 \pi / 2) - 2(-9 \pi / 2) = \sin(-4\pi - \pi/2) + 9\pi = -1 + 9\pi \] Now, putting it all together: \[ \left[ \sin(9 \pi / 2) - 2(9 \pi / 2) \right] - \left[ \sin(-9 \pi / 2) - 2(-9 \pi / 2) \right] = (1 - 9\pi) - (-1 + 9\pi) \] This simplifies to: \[ 1 - 9\pi + 1 - 9\pi = 2 - 18\pi \] Thus, the value of the integral is: \[ \int_{-9 \pi / 2}^{9 \pi / 2}(\cos x-2) \mathrm{dx} = 2 - 18\pi \] So the final answer is: \[ \boxed{2 - 18\pi} \]

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