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\( x y ^ { \prime \prime } + y ^ { \prime } = 0 \)

Ask by Craig Joseph. in Colombia
Mar 09,2025

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La solución general de la ecuación diferencial \( x\,y'' + y' = 0 \) es: \[ y(x) = C_1\ln |x| + C_2, \] donde \( C_1 \) y \( C_2 \) son constantes arbitrarias.

Solution

```markdown Consideramos la ecuación diferencial: \[ x\,y'' + y' = 0. \] 1. Realizamos el cambio de variable: Sea \(\,p(x) = y'(x)\), por lo que \(y''(x) = p'(x)\). Entonces la ecuación se transforma en: \[ x\,p'(x) + p(x) = 0. \] 2. Escribimos la ecuación en forma estándar: \[ p'(x) + \frac{1}{x}\,p(x) = 0. \] 3. Separamos variables para resolver la ecuación diferencial de primer orden: \[ \frac{dp}{p} = -\frac{dx}{x}. \] 4. Integramos ambos lados: \[ \int \frac{dp}{p} = -\int \frac{dx}{x} \quad \Longrightarrow \quad \ln |p| = -\ln |x| + C, \] donde \(C\) es la constante de integración. 5. Exponenciamos ambos lados para despejar \(p(x)\): \[ |p| = e^{-\ln |x| + C} = e^C \cdot e^{-\ln |x|} = \frac{e^C}{|x|}. \] Si definimos \(e^C\) como una nueva constante arbitraria \(C_1\) (que puede ser positiva o negativa), obtenemos: \[ p(x) = \frac{C_1}{x}. \] Recordando que \(p(x) = y'(x)\), tenemos: \[ y'(x) = \frac{C_1}{x}. \] 6. Integramos para obtener \(y(x)\): \[ y(x) = \int y'(x)\,dx = \int \frac{C_1}{x}\,dx = C_1\ln |x| + C_2, \] donde \(C_2\) es otra constante de integración. La solución general de la ecuación diferencial es: \[ y(x) = C_1\ln |x| + C_2. \] ```

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The Deep Dive

This differential equation can be approached by first recognizing that it is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation. A common technique involves specifying \( y' \) as a new variable, say \( v = y' \), which then transforms the equation into a first-order equation that might be easier to manage. This substitution allows for techniques like separation of variables or integrating directly to find \( y \). In the real world, such differential equations often arise in various fields including physics, engineering, and economics. For example, this can model systems that exhibit proportional relationships between a quantity and its rate of change, such as population dynamics or the behavior of certain mechanical systems. Solving these equations can provide insights into how these systems evolve over time, helping in decision-making processes in various applications.

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