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\( y ^ { \prime \prime } + ( y ^ { \prime } ) ^ { 2 } = 1 \)

Ask by Delgado Morrison. in Colombia
Mar 09,2025

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La solución general de la ecuación diferencial \( y'' + (y')^2 = 1 \) es: \[ y(x) = \ln\left|\cosh(x + C_1)\right| + C_2, \] donde \( C_1 \) y \( C_2 \) son constantes arbitrarias.

Solution

Considera la ecuación diferencial \[ y'' + (y')^2 = 1. \] ### Paso 1. Reducción de orden Sea \[ u = y', \] por lo que \[ u' = y''. \] Sustituyendo en la ecuación original obtenemos \[ u' + u^2 = 1. \] ### Paso 2. Separación de variables La ecuación para \( u \) es \[ \frac{du}{dx} = 1 - u^2. \] Separamos las variables: \[ \frac{du}{1-u^2} = dx. \] ### Paso 3. Integración Integramos ambos lados: \[ \int \frac{du}{1-u^2} = \int dx. \] Recordando que \[ \int \frac{du}{1-u^2} = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left|\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right| + C_1, \] obtenemos \[ \frac{1}{2} \ln\left|\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right| = x + C_2. \] Multiplicamos ambos lados por 2: \[ \ln\left|\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right| = 2x + C, \] donde \( C = 2C_2 \) es una constante arbitraria. ### Paso 4. Resolver para \( u \) Exponenciamos ambos lados para eliminar el logaritmo: \[ \left|\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right| = e^{2x+C} = Ae^{2x}, \] donde \( A = e^C \) es una constante positiva. Suponiendo que la constante absorbe el signo, podemos escribir sin la valor absoluto: \[ \frac{1+u}{1-u} = Ae^{2x}. \] Para despejar \( u \), multiplicamos: \[ 1 + u = Ae^{2x}(1 - u). \] Desarrollamos: \[ 1 + u = Ae^{2x} - Ae^{2x} u. \] Reuniendo los términos en \( u \): \[ u + Ae^{2x} u = Ae^{2x} - 1, \] factorizamos \( u \): \[ u(1 + Ae^{2x}) = Ae^{2x} - 1. \] De donde se obtiene \[ u = \frac{Ae^{2x} - 1}{Ae^{2x} + 1}. \] Podemos también reconocer que esta expresión es equivalentemente la función tangente hiperbólica: \[ u = \tanh (x + C_1), \] donde \( C_1 \) es una constante arbitraria. Recordemos que \( u = y' \), por lo que \[ y' = \tanh (x + C_1). \] ### Paso 5. Integrar para obtener \( y \) Integramos respecto a \( x \): \[ y = \int \tanh (x + C_1) \, dx. \] Realizando la integración, recordamos que \[ \int \tanh z \, dz = \ln|\cosh z| + C, \] por lo tanto, haciendo el cambio de variable \( z = x + C_1 \) (notando que \( dz = dx \)) tenemos \[ y = \ln\left|\cosh(x + C_1)\right| + C_2, \] donde \( C_2 \) es una constante de integración. ### Solución General La solución general de la ecuación diferencial es \[ y(x) = \ln\left|\cosh(x + C_1)\right| + C_2. \] Esta es la solución en términos de constantes arbitrarias \( C_1 \) y \( C_2 \).

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Did you know that differential equations like this one have fascinating historical roots? The study of such equations dates back to the early 18th century, with mathematicians like Leonhard Euler making significant contributions. He helped lay the groundwork for modern calculus and differential equations, and his work shows just how intertwined mathematics and physics are, paving the way for future scientists to model everything from celestial mechanics to electrical circuits! If you're solving this type of equation, watch out for common mistakes! One typical pitfall is overlooking the initial conditions or boundary values necessary to find a unique solution. Also, make sure to correctly apply integration techniques to tackle the non-linear aspect brought in by \((y')^2\). These can sometimes lead to a function that appears complicated but can often be simplified with the right algebraic manipulation. Keep it fun, and you'll be soaring through the solutions!

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