(v) Locational quotient (b) Why are transport networks constantly characterized by deviations? (c) Elaborate any TWO problems faced by farmers in the nor heen region of Cameroon and two measitres taken to soive these problems. (10marks) (7marks) a) Examine any THREE ways through which the forms and patierns of rural settlements are adapled to their locat physical milieu

Let's break down your questions and provide detailed answers for each part. ### (v) Locational Quotient The locational quotient (LQ) is a measure used in economic geography to determine the concentration of a particular industry or economic activity in a specific area compared to a larger reference area, such as a country or region. It is calculated using the formula: \[ LQ = \frac{(E_i / E_t)}{(N_i / N_t)} \] Where: - \(E_i\) = Employment in the industry in the local area - \(E_t\) = Total employment in the local area - \(N_i\) = Employment in the industry in the reference area - \(N_t\) = Total employment in the reference area An LQ greater than 1 indicates that the industry is more concentrated in the local area than in the reference area, while an LQ less than 1 indicates a lower concentration. ### (b) Why are transport networks constantly characterized by deviations? Transport networks are often characterized by deviations due to several factors: 1. **Geographical Barriers**: Natural features such as mountains, rivers, and forests can obstruct direct routes, forcing transport networks to deviate around these obstacles. 2. **Urban Development**: As cities grow, transport networks may need to adapt to new urban layouts, leading to deviations from original plans to accommodate buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. 3. **Economic Factors**: Changes in economic activities, such as the establishment of new industries or changes in trade routes, can necessitate deviations in transport networks to optimize efficiency and accessibility. 4. **Regulatory Constraints**: Government regulations and land use policies can also lead to deviations, as transport networks must comply with zoning laws and environmental regulations. ### (c) Problems faced by farmers in the North West region of Cameroon and measures taken to solve these problems **Problems:** 1. **Poor Infrastructure**: Farmers often face challenges due to inadequate roads and transport facilities, making it difficult to access markets and distribute their products. 2. **Climate Change**: Changes in weather patterns can lead to unpredictable rainfall and droughts, affecting crop yields and food security. **Measures Taken:** 1. **Improvement of Infrastructure**: The government and NGOs have initiated projects to improve rural roads and transport facilities, facilitating better access to markets. 2. **Agricultural Training Programs**: Farmers are being trained in climate-resilient agricultural practices, helping them adapt to changing weather conditions and improve their crop yields. ### (10 marks) This section would typically require a more detailed analysis, but the above points provide a solid foundation for understanding the issues and responses in the North West region of Cameroon. ### (7 marks) This section would also require elaboration, but the provided answers should suffice for a basic understanding. ### a) Examine any THREE ways through which the forms and patterns of rural settlements are adapted to their local physical milieu 1. **Topography**: Rural settlements often adapt to the topography of the land. For instance, in hilly areas, settlements may be located on slopes to avoid flooding and to take advantage of natural drainage. 2. **Water Availability**: The proximity to water sources influences settlement patterns. Villages are often established near rivers, lakes, or springs to ensure access to water for drinking, irrigation, and livestock. 3. **Soil Fertility**: Settlements are frequently located in areas with fertile soil to support agriculture. Farmers tend to settle in regions where the land is suitable for growing crops, which shapes the distribution of rural communities. These adaptations reflect the relationship between human settlements and their physical environment, ensuring sustainability and resource availability.