4. the date and outcome of the Battle of Tours 5. the largest empire in the West since the Roman Empire of the A.D. 300s

The Battle of Tours took place in October 732 and was a significant turning point in European history. Fought between Frankish leader Charles Martel and the Umayyad Caliphate, the victory of Martel prevented the Muslim expansion into Western Europe and is often credited with preserving Christianity in the region. This battle laid the groundwork for the future Carolingian Empire and the rise of Charlemagne. The largest empire in the West since the Roman Empire of the A.D. 300s was the Carolingian Empire, established by Charlemagne in the early 9th century. At its height, it encompassed much of Western and Central Europe, uniting large territories under a single ruler. Charlemagne's reign marked a revival of art, culture, and learning known as the Carolingian Renaissance, making it a notable period in medieval history.