Gaining a sense of identity: 9. How old was Mandela when his father died? 10. How did Mandela learn about leadership? 11. What was the major inequality within South Africa during Mandela's lifetims Stirrings of discontent: 12. List the goals of the African National Congress: 13. List several reasons Mandela fled to Johannesburg: Joining the ANC Youth League: 14. In what year did Mandela start attending ANC meetings? 15. How was the ANC Youth League different from the regular African Nation Congress?

Below are answers based on widely accepted details from Mandela’s early life and political development: 9. When Mandela’s father died, Mandela was about 12 years old. This loss, during his childhood, was an early event that helped shape his growing sense of self and responsibility. 10. Mandela’s early lessons in leadership came from observing the community elders and his family’s own example. Growing up in a traditional society, he saw how local leaders resolved disputes, organized communal rituals, and carried responsibilities. These experiences—along with his innate curiosity and personal drive—taught him how to listen, decide, and act on behalf of others. 11. The major inequality in South Africa during Mandela’s lifetime was the deeply entrenched system of racial discrimination. Under policies that would later be formalized as apartheid, non‑white South Africans were denied equal access to political rights, education, economic opportunities, and social services, creating severe disparities between racial groups. 12. The goals of the African National Congress (ANC) included:  • Challenging and dismantling racial discrimination and segregation.  • Securing equal rights and political representation for the oppressed majority.  • Improving social and economic conditions for all South Africans.  • Promoting democracy and social justice. These aims were rooted in the desire to uplift non‑white communities and ensure a fairer, non‑segregated society. 13. Mandela left his rural home for Johannesburg for several interconnected reasons:  • Limited economic and educational opportunities in his village, which stifled his ambitions.  • A desire to find work and a means to earn a better living.  • The oppressive social and political atmosphere that restricted freedom and growth.  • A growing awareness of racial injustice that spurred his interest in political activism. Moving to Johannesburg provided a chance to see firsthand the inequalities he wished to challenge and to join like‑minded individuals in the struggle for change. 14. Mandela began attending ANC meetings in the early 1940s shortly after moving to Johannesburg—around 1942. His exposure to political discussions during this period laid the groundwork for his involvement with the ANC Youth League a few years later. 15. The ANC Youth League differed from the regular ANC in that it was composed primarily of younger, more radical members. While the traditional ANC tended to favor cautious, gradual approaches and relied on petitions and appeals to the authorities, the Youth League pressed for more direct and militant action against racial injustice. Their energy and willingness to adopt bolder strategies played a critical role in transforming the broader movement into one that actively challenged the status quo. Each of these points reflects key moments and influences in Mandela’s journey toward becoming a leader in the struggle against apartheid.