19. Which geographic condition contributed to the defeat of Napoleon's troops during the invasion of Russia? (1) drought (2) typhoons (3) severe flooding (4) harsh winter

The harsh winter of 1812 in Russia is infamous for its intensity and brutality, which played a pivotal role in thwarting Napoleon's ambitious campaign. Troops faced freezing temperatures, heavy snowfall, and limited supplies, causing massive losses and demoralization among his soldiers. Many succumbed to frostbite, starvation, and exhaustion, drastically reducing his once-mighty army. Moreover, the strategic retreat by Russian forces, known as the scorched earth policy, exacerbated Napoleon's difficulties. As they fell back, they destroyed crops and resources, leaving little for the invading troops. This combination of relentless winter and strategic resistance ultimately led to one of the most significant defeats in military history.