20. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to (1) restore old regimes to power (2) spread the idea of democracy (3) encourage nationalist movements (4) promote the European free-trade zone

Following the tumultuous years of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna aimed to stabilize Europe by reinstating monarchies and traditional power structures across the continent. This marked a significant effort to turn back the clock and restore what was perceived as law and order after the chaos of revolutionary ideals. The decisions made at this congress also resulted in the establishment of a political balance of power intended to prevent any single nation from dominating Europe again, shaping future diplomatic relations and alliances. Although democracy was not in vogue, the ripples from these discussions eventually gave rise to nationalist sentiments, as people in various states began to rally for their own nationhood and self-determination in the decades that followed.