2. Mention at least two important features of cancer cells. 3. What is the difference between interphase and prophase? 5. If a cell is having $$ 2 \mathrm{n}=40 $$ divide by meiosis A. How many cells are formed at the end of meiosis i? Meiosis ii? B. How many chromosomes are there in each daughter cells at the end of meiosis i? Meiosis ii? C.How many set of chromosome(s)/is/ are there at the end of meiosis i? Meiosis ii? 6. If a species A has 2 n= 28 chromosome and species B has $$ 2 \mathrm{n}=32 $$ chromosomes and allowed to interbreed together to produce another organism(species C). What would be the number of chromosomes in species C? 7. What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? Are your skin cells haploid or diploid? What about germ cells? Gametes?

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**2. Two important features of cancer cells are:**

- They exhibit uncontrolled cell proliferation, meaning they divide without the normal regulatory constraints.  
- They have the ability to invade surrounding tissues (metastasis) and can also evade apoptosis (programmed cell death).

**3. Difference between Interphase and Prophase:**

- **Interphase:**  
  - It is the stage where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.  
  - The nucleus is clearly visible, and the chromosomes are in a loosely packed state.
  
- **Prophase:**  
  - It is the first stage of mitosis (or meiosis) where chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes.  
  - The nuclear envelope starts to break down and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

**5. For a cell with $$2n = 40$$ undergoing meiosis:**

_A. Number of cells formed at the end of each stage:_

- At the end of **Meiosis I**, the cell divides into $$2$$ daughter cells.  
- At the end of **Meiosis II**, each of the $$2$$ cells divides again, forming a total of $$4$$ daughter cells.

_B. Number of chromosomes in each daughter cell:_

- At the end of **Meiosis I:**  
  Each daughter cell has a haploid number of chromosomes, i.e., $$n = \frac{40}{2} = 20$$ chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids).
  
- At the end of **Meiosis II:**  
  The chromosome number remains $$n = 20$$ in each of the $$4$$ daughter cells, although the sister chromatids separate.

_C. Number of sets of chromosomes in the daughter cells:_

- At both the end of **Meiosis I** and **Meiosis II**, each cell is haploid and contains one complete set of chromosomes, i.e., 1 set.

**6. Chromosome number in species C:**

- Species A has $$2n = 28$$ chromosomes, so its gametes have $$n = 14$$ chromosomes.  
- Species B has $$2n = 32$$ chromosomes, so its gametes have $$n = 16$$ chromosomes.  
- When the gametes fuse, the resulting zygote will have $$14 + 16 = 30$$ chromosomes.  
  Therefore, species C will have $$2n = 30$$ chromosomes.

**7. Difference between haploid and diploid cells & Examples:**

- **Haploid cells:**  
  - Contain one set of chromosomes, denoted by $$ n $$.  
  - Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are haploid.
  
- **Diploid cells:**  
  - Contain two sets of chromosomes, denoted by $$ 2n $$.  
  - Most somatic cells (for example, skin cells) are diploid.
  
- **Examples:**  
  - **Skin cells:** These are somatic cells and hence are diploid ($$2n$$).  
  - **Germ cells:** The precursor cells in the gonads are diploid, but undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes.  
  - **Gametes:** They are haploid ($$n$$).
**2. Important Features of Cancer Cells:** - **Uncontrolled Cell Proliferation:** Cancer cells divide rapidly without stopping. - **Invasion and Evasion:** They can spread to other tissues and avoid programmed cell death. **3. Difference Between Interphase and Prophase:** - **Interphase:** - Cell grows, DNA is replicated, and prepares for division. - Chromosomes are loosely packed and not visible. - **Prophase:** - First stage of cell division where chromosomes condense. - Nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form. **5. Meiosis for a Cell with $$2n = 40$$:** _A. Number of Cells Formed:_ - **Meiosis I:** 2 daughter cells - **Meiosis II:** 4 daughter cells _B. Number of Chromosomes in Each Daughter Cell:_ - **Meiosis I:** 20 chromosomes per cell - **Meiosis II:** 20 chromosomes per cell _C. Number of Chromosome Sets:_ - **Meiosis I and II:** 1 set of chromosomes per cell **6. Chromosome Number in Species C:** - Species A: $$2n = 28$$ → $$n = 14$$ - Species B: $$2n = 32$$ → $$n = 16$$ - Species C: $$14 + 16 = 30$$ → $$2n = 30$$ **7. Haploid vs. Diploid Cells and Examples:** - **Haploid Cells:** - One set of chromosomes ($$n$$) - Found in gametes (sperm and egg cells) - **Diploid Cells:** - Two sets of chromosomes ($$2n$$) - Found in most somatic cells (e.g., skin cells) - **Examples:** - **Skin Cells:** Diploid ($$2n$$) - **Germ Cells:** Diploid before meiosis, haploid after - **Gametes:** Haploid ($$n$$)

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