3. a) Suggest one advantage of a vertical photograph. b) Suggest one disadvantage of a vertical photograph. c) Discuss three advantages an othophoto has over a topographic map. 4. Define each of the following terms in a full sentence. a) spur b) vertical aerial photograph c) aiphanumeric grid d) ratio scale e) natural features on a map.

3. a) One advantage of a vertical photograph is that it provides a true, almost undistorted overhead view, making it easier to accurately measure distances and assess spatial relationships.   b) One disadvantage of a vertical photograph is that it often fails to show the sides of buildings or complex terrain features, as it only depicts the top view.   c) An orthophoto has several advantages over a topographic map. First, it presents a photo-realistic and detailed view of the area, which can help users recognize features more easily than the symbolic representations on a topographic map. Second, orthophotos are geometrically rectified so that they have uniform scale and minimal distortion, allowing for precise measurement of distances. Third, because they are derived directly from aerial photographs, they often provide up-to-date and accurate depictions of land cover and changes in the landscape. 4. a) Spur – A spur is a narrow ridge or tongue of high ground that extends out from a larger hill or mountain.   b) Vertical aerial photograph – A vertical aerial photograph is an image captured from an aircraft with the camera aimed directly downward, ensuring that the resulting picture shows features with minimal perspective distortion.   c) Alphanumeric grid – An alphanumeric grid is a coordinate system on a map that uses a combination of letters and numbers to designate specific grid squares, allowing for easy location referencing.   d) Ratio scale – A ratio scale is a scale that represents the relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground as a simple numerical ratio, such as 1:50,000, indicating that one unit of measurement on the map equals 50,000 units in reality.   e) Natural features on a map – Natural features on a map are elements of the physical environment, such as mountains, rivers, forests, and lakes, which occur naturally without human construction or modification.