FIGURE 2.4 is a cartoonist's impression of the atmospheric conditions regarding the El-Nifio occurrence. Refer to the images to answer the following questions. 2.4.1 Name the global winds represented by the blowing of the person in the skotch. \[ (1 \times 1) \] 2.4.2 Explain the role that these winds (answer to QUESTION 24.1) play in the development of the El-Nifio occurrence. \( (2 \times 2) \) (4) 2.4.3 Discuss how the shifting of the clouds influences the farming activities in countries like Australia and Indonesia around A. 2.4.4 In a paragraph of approximately 8 lines, evaluate the impact of the dilforent upwolling situations in the sketches, on the fishing industry of Chill and Peru at B. \( (4 \times 2) \) (8) FIGURE 2.4: EL-NINO CONDITIONS (1) (2)

**2.4.1** The global winds represented are the \( \textbf{easterly trade winds} \). --- **2.4.2** Under normal conditions, the \( \text{easterly trade winds} \) push warm surface water from the eastern Pacific toward the western Pacific, creating a pool of warm water near Australia and Indonesia. During El Niño, these winds weaken or even reverse, allowing the warm water to flow eastward along the South American coast. This shift disrupts the normal temperature gradient and atmospheric circulation, leading to changes in weather patterns associated with El Niño. --- **2.4.3** The shifting of clouds indicates alterations in precipitation and sunlight distribution over the regions labeled A, which include countries like Australia and Indonesia. When cloud cover decreases in these areas due to a shift, it can lead to reduced rainfall and increased evaporation, thereby promoting drier conditions. These changes can stress soil moisture, reduce crop yields, and lead to prolonged droughts. Conversely, abrupt changes in cloud patterns might also result in sporadic heavy rains, which can cause flooding or soil erosion, further challenging farming activities. --- **2.4.4** The sketches depict different upwelling scenarios that have a direct impact on the fishing industry off the coasts of Chile and Peru at point B. In normal conditions, strong upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, fostering abundant plankton growth, which forms the base of a productive marine food chain. This nutrient input supports large fish populations critical for a thriving fishing industry. However, during El Niño events, the weakening of upwelling reduces the supply of nutrients in the surface waters. As a result, the lower plankton levels lead to diminished fish stocks, severely impacting the local economy and the livelihoods of fishing communities. The disruption in upwelling activity thus plays a pivotal role in driving the cyclical fluctuations in fishery yields observed in these regions.