1) Which of the following are parts of the gametophyte generation in mosses: antheridia, zygote, embryo, capsule, archegonia, sperm cells, egg cell, spores, and protonema? 2) How are mosses and liverworts similar? How is each group distinct? 3) What are plants believed to have evolved from? 4) What in common do plants share with algae? 5) What are the three groups of nonvascular plants? How would you determine unknown specimen is a vascular plant? 6) The nonvascular plants are believed to be true plants, just as ferns, conifers, and flowering plants are true plants; however, there are two tissues that the nonvascular plants do not have. Which two tissues? 7) What are some of the modifications necessary if an alga is to become evolutionarily adapted to living on land? Is a single modification sufficient, or 9) Draw and label the life cycle of a moss: he certain to show gametangia and are several necessary?

1. **Gametophyte Generation in Mosses**: Antheridia, archegonia, sperm cells, egg cell, and protonema are parts of the gametophyte generation. Zygote, embryo, capsule, and spores are part of the sporophyte generation. 2. **Similarities and Distinctions**: - **Similarities**: Both mosses and liverworts are nonvascular plants that reproduce via spores and have a dominant gametophyte generation. - **Distinctions**: Mosses have a more complex structure with true leaves and stems and produce capsules for spore release, while liverworts have a flattened, thallus-like structure and may reproduce asexually through gemmae. 3. **Evolutionary Origin**: Plants evolved from green algae, specifically from charophyte green algae around 500 million years ago. 4. **Commonalities with Algae**: - Both contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. - Both have cell walls made of cellulose. - Both reproduce via similar life cycles involving alternation of generations. 5. **Nonvascular Plants**: - **Groups**: Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). - **Determining Vascular Plants**: Look for the presence of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), roots, stems, and leaves, and the ability to grow taller and transport water and nutrients efficiently. 6. **Tissues Absent in Nonvascular Plants**: Xylem and phloem, which are responsible for water and nutrient transport. 7. **Adaptations for Algae on Land**: - Develop a protective cuticle to prevent water loss. - Form structures for gas exchange (stomata). - Create a more complex root system for anchorage and nutrient absorption. - Develop mechanisms for reproduction that do not rely on water (e.g., seeds or spores that can withstand desiccation). 8. **Life Cycle of a Moss**: - **Gametophyte**: Dominant stage with antheridia and archegonia. - **Fertilization**: Sperm fertilizes the egg in archegonia. - **Zygote**: Develops into an embryo. - **Sporophyte**: Grows from the gametophyte, includes a capsule for spore production. - **Spores**: Released from the capsule, germinate to form protonema, which develops into new gametophytes. This life cycle shows the alternation of generations, featuring both gametophyte and sporophyte stages.