321 (a) Does an orthophoto map eonsist of raster or vector data? (b) Motvate your answer 3.22 A orthophoto is an example of gathering data through remole sensing. (a) Define the concept of remole sensing (b) How can remote sensing be used by city planners to further develop Ladysmith ? Refer to the - 50000 topographical map 2829 DE LADYSMITH and the orthophoto 2825 DB 5 LADYSMITH 3.3 Refer to Block D4 on the topographical Map 3.3 .1 Identify the following: (a) a natural Line feature (b) a man made polygon feature 3.4.1 Define the concept buffering. $$ (1 imes 2) $$ $$ (2) $$ 3.4 Provide evidence from the topographical of a lack of buffiering along the river in Block D4 $$ (1 imes 2) $$

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321 (a) Does an orthophoto map eonsist of raster or vector data? (b) Motvate your answer 3.22 A orthophoto is an example of gathering data through remole sensing. (a) Define the concept of remole sensing (b) How can remote sensing be used by city planners to further develop Ladysmith ? Refer to the - 50000 topographical map 2829 DE LADYSMITH and the orthophoto 2825 DB 5 LADYSMITH 3.3 Refer to Block D4 on the topographical Map 3.3 .1 Identify the following: (a) a natural Line feature (b) a man made polygon feature 3.4.1 Define the concept buffering. $$ (1 	imes 2) $$ $$ (2) $$ 3.4 Provide evidence from the topographical of a lack of buffiering along the river in Block D4 $$ (1 	imes 2) $$

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### 321  
**(a)** An orthophoto map consists of **raster data**.

**(b)**  
- An orthophoto is produced from aerial imagery (or satellite imagery) that is geometrically corrected; this imagery is made up of pixels, which is the basis of raster data.  
- Unlike vector data—which stores data as points, lines, and polygons—raster data represents continuous imagery where each pixel has an associated value (such as color or intensity).  
- Even though an orthophoto has been corrected for distortions to accurately represent spatial relationships, its underlying structure remains that of a pixel grid.

---

### 3.22  
**(a)**  
- **Remote sensing** is the process of acquiring information about objects or areas from a distance, typically using aerial or satellite sensor technologies.  
- It involves capturing data (often as images) from sensors that detect radiation, such as visible light, infrared, or radar, without direct physical contact with the subject.

**(b)**  
- City planners in Ladysmith can use remote sensing to gain a current, high-resolution view of the city environment.  
- By overlaying the orthophoto (for example, orthophoto 2825 DB 5 LADYSMITH) with the topographical map (reference: -50000 map 2829 DE LADYSMITH), planners can analyze land-use patterns, detect changes over time, and identify areas of potential development or environmental concern.  
- Remote sensing helps to reveal details such as urban sprawl, green spaces, and infrastructure boundaries, thus enabling more informed planning decisions.

---

### 3.3  
*Refer to Block D4 on the topographical map.*

**3.3.1 (a)**  
- A **natural line feature** in Block D4 could be a river, stream, or a contour line representing a ridge.  
- For example, if the map shows a continuous curving line that represents a river, that is a natural line feature.

**3.3.1 (b)**  
- A **man-made polygon feature** might be an area enclosed by human-made boundaries, such as a building complex, a park enclosure, or a delineated residential or industrial zone.  
- Look for any closed shape on the map that does not follow natural boundaries; such enclosed areas are typically man-made polygon features.

---

### 3.4.1  
**Buffering** is a spatial analytical process in which a zone is created around a geographic feature at a specified distance.  
- This buffer zone can be used to assess proximity and establish areas of influence or restriction.  
- For example, in environmental planning, a buffer might be delineated around a river to protect it from encroaching development.

---

### 3.4  
**Provide evidence from the topographical map of a lack of buffering along the river in Block D4.**

- On the topographical map of Block D4, observe that there is no designated or shaded zone surrounding the river feature.  
- The river appears to be in immediate proximity to adjacent land uses (possibly residential or industrial areas) with no clear separation.  
- This absence of an indicated buffer zone (i.e., a labeled or symbolized area that isolates the river) demonstrates a lack of buffering as there is direct contact between the river and the surrounding features.  
- Hence, the map visually evidences that the river does not have an allocated protective or transitional zone separating it from nearby developments.
### 321 **(a)** An orthophoto map uses **raster data**. **(b)** Orthophotos are made from aerial images that show the ground as a grid of pixels, which is raster data. --- ### 3.22 **(a)** - **Remote sensing** is the use of sensors to collect information about the Earth from a distance, like satellites or airplanes. **(b)** - City planners can use remote sensing to get detailed images of Ladysmith. By combining these images with maps, they can see how the city is growing, find areas for new buildings, and protect natural spaces. --- ### 3.3 *Refer to Block D4 on the topographical map.* **3.3.1 (a)** - A **natural line feature** in Block D4 is likely a **river** or a **contour line** showing a hill. **3.3.1 (b)** - A **man-made polygon feature** is probably a **building** or a **park** that has clear boundaries. --- ### 3.4.1 **Buffering** is creating a zone around a feature to show areas nearby. For example, a buffer around a river would protect it from development. --- ### 3.4 **Lack of Buffering Along the River in Block D4** - On the map, the river does not have a designated buffer zone. - There are no shaded or labeled areas around the river, showing that it is directly adjacent to other land uses without any protective space.

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