Question One a) Discuss the difference between vector graphics and raster graphics. (5 marks) b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in terms of scalability, file size, and editing capabilities and provide examples of use cases where vector graphics or raster graphics are more suitable. (10 marks) c) Describe the process of transforming 3D objects to 2D views in computer graphics. (10 marks) d) List and explain at least five important applications of computer graphics? (10 marks) e) Most liquid crystal displays divide a pixel into three sub-pixels coloured red, green, and blue. Explain why this is so.? (5 marks) Y

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### Question One

#### a) Difference between Vector Graphics and Raster Graphics (5 marks)

1. **Definition**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: These are images created using mathematical equations to define shapes such as lines, curves, and polygons. They are resolution-independent, meaning they can be scaled to any size without losing quality.
   - **Raster Graphics**: These are images made up of a grid of individual pixels, each with its own color. They are resolution-dependent, meaning that scaling them up can lead to pixelation and loss of quality.

2. **File Format**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: Common formats include SVG, AI, and EPS.
   - **Raster Graphics**: Common formats include JPEG, PNG, and GIF.

3. **Editing**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: Easier to edit since individual elements can be manipulated without affecting the overall image.
   - **Raster Graphics**: Editing can be more complex as changes to one pixel can affect the surrounding pixels.

4. **Use Cases**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: Ideal for logos, illustrations, and typography.
   - **Raster Graphics**: Best suited for photographs and detailed images.

5. **Scalability**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: Infinitely scalable without loss of quality.
   - **Raster Graphics**: Limited scalability; quality degrades when enlarged.

#### b) Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Approach (10 marks)

1. **Scalability**:
   - **Vector Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Can be resized without losing quality, making them ideal for logos and designs that need to be displayed at various sizes.
     - **Disadvantages**: Not suitable for complex images like photographs.
   - **Raster Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Can represent complex images with rich detail and color.
     - **Disadvantages**: Quality degrades when resized, especially when enlarging.

2. **File Size**:
   - **Vector Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Generally smaller file sizes for simple images since they store mathematical data rather than pixel data.
     - **Disadvantages**: Can become larger with complex designs.
   - **Raster Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Can be compressed to reduce file size, especially for photographs.
     - **Disadvantages**: Larger file sizes for high-resolution images.

3. **Editing Capabilities**:
   - **Vector Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Easy to edit individual components, allowing for quick adjustments.
     - **Disadvantages**: Limited in terms of photo editing capabilities.
   - **Raster Graphics**:
     - **Advantages**: Excellent for detailed photo editing and manipulation.
     - **Disadvantages**: Difficult to make changes without affecting the entire image.

4. **Use Cases**:
   - **Vector Graphics**: Suitable for logos, icons, and illustrations where scalability is important.
   - **Raster Graphics**: Best for photographs, digital paintings, and images with complex color gradients.

#### c) Process of Transforming 3D Objects to 2D Views in Computer Graphics (10 marks)

1. **Modeling**: Create a 3D model using geometric shapes and define its properties (vertices, edges, and faces).

2. **Projection**: Choose a projection method (orthographic or perspective) to convert the 3D coordinates into 2D coordinates. 
   - **Orthographic Projection**: Maintains the relative proportions of the object without perspective distortion.
   - **Perspective Projection**: Simulates depth, making objects appear smaller as they are further away.

3. **View Transformation**: Define the camera position and orientation in the 3D space to determine what part of the scene will be visible in the 2D view.

4. **Clipping**: Remove parts of the 3D model that are outside the view frustum (the visible area) to optimize rendering.

5. **Rasterization**: Convert the projected 2D coordinates into pixels on the screen, determining the color and intensity of each pixel based on lighting and shading models.

6. **Rendering**: Apply textures, lighting, and shading to create the final image that will be displayed on the screen.

#### d) Important Applications of Computer Graphics (10 marks)

1. **Video Games**: Computer graphics are essential for creating immersive environments and characters in video games, enhancing user experience.

2. **Animation**: Used in film and television to create animated characters and scenes, allowing for storytelling through visual effects.

3. **Medical Imaging**: Computer graphics help visualize complex medical data, such as MRI and CT scans, enabling better diagnosis and treatment planning.

4. **Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)**: Graphics are crucial for creating realistic environments in VR and overlaying digital information in the real world in AR applications.

5. **Graphic Design**: Used in creating visual content for advertising, branding, and web design, allowing designers to produce high-quality graphics for various media.

#### e) Explanation of Sub-Pixels in Liquid Crystal Displays (5 marks)

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) divide a pixel into three sub-pixels colored red, green, and blue (RGB) to create a full spectrum of colors through additive color mixing.

1. **Color Representation**: Each sub-pixel can be controlled independently to emit varying intensities of red, green, and blue light. By adjusting the brightness of each sub-pixel, a wide range of colors can be produced.

2. **Additive Color Mixing**: The human eye perceives color through the combination of these three primary colors. By varying the intensity of each sub-pixel, the display can create millions of colors.

3. **Resolution and Detail**: Dividing a pixel into sub-pixels allows for higher resolution and better detail in images, as the eye blends the colors from the sub-pixels to perceive a single color at a distance.

4. **Efficiency**: This method is efficient for displaying images and videos, as it allows for the creation of complex colors without needing a separate pixel for each color.

5. **Standardization**: The RGB model is a standard in digital displays, making it compatible with various devices and media formats.
**Question One** a) **Vector Graphics vs. Raster Graphics** - **Vector Graphics**: Use mathematical equations to define shapes, are resolution-independent, and ideal for logos and illustrations. - **Raster Graphics**: Consist of pixels, are resolution-dependent, and best suited for photographs and detailed images. b) **Advantages and Disadvantages** - **Scalability**: - **Vector**: Can be resized without quality loss. - **Raster**: Quality degrades when enlarged. - **File Size**: - **Vector**: Smaller for simple images. - **Raster**: Larger for high-resolution images. - **Editing Capabilities**: - **Vector**: Easy to edit individual elements. - **Raster**: Difficult to edit without affecting the entire image. - **Use Cases**: - **Vector**: Logos, illustrations. - **Raster**: Photographs, detailed images. c) **Transforming 3D to 2D** 1. **Modeling**: Create 3D models with geometric shapes. 2. **Projection**: Use orthographic or perspective projection to convert 3D to 2D. 3. **View Transformation**: Define camera position and orientation. 4. **Clipping**: Remove parts outside the view. 5. **Rasterization**: Convert projected coordinates to pixels. 6. **Rendering**: Apply textures and shading for the final image. d) **Applications of Computer Graphics** 1. **Video Games**: Enhance user experience with immersive environments. 2. **Animation**: Create animated characters and scenes for films and TV. 3. **Medical Imaging**: Visualize complex medical data for diagnosis. 4. **Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)**: Create realistic environments and overlay digital information. 5. **Graphic Design**: Produce high-quality visual content for advertising and web design. e) **Sub-Pixels in LCDs** LCDs divide each pixel into red, green, and blue sub-pixels to create a full color spectrum through additive color mixing. This allows for higher resolution, better color representation, and compatibility with various devices.

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