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HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if not treated. It primarily spreads through certain body fluids and has significantly shaped public health responses worldwide since its emergence in the early 1980s. Understanding HIV involves knowing how it interacts with the human body. The virus targets CD4 cells, which are crucial for immune defense. If left untreated, it can reduce your CD4 count to dangerously low levels, making it harder for the body to fight infections. Prevention and treatment have advanced significantly, transforming HIV from a fatal diagnosis to manageable chronic condition with effective antiretroviral therapy.