Responder
1. **Properties of Materials**
- **Density:** Mass per unit volume.
- **Strength:** Ability to withstand applied loads.
- **Elastic Modulus:** Stiffness, defined by stress to strain ratio.
- **Hardness, Toughness, Ductility:** Additional material properties.
2. **Sustainability in Building Design**
- **Energy Efficiency:** Passive solar design, insulation, high-performance windows.
- **Water Efficiency:** Rainwater harvesting, efficient fixtures.
- **Material Selection:** Environmentally friendly, recyclable materials.
- **Indoor Quality:** Good ventilation, non-toxic materials, daylighting.
- **Site Planning:** Optimized orientation and design for minimal environmental impact.
3. **Energy Efficiency Goals**
- **Reduce Energy Use:** Lower energy consumption for heating, cooling, etc.
- **Lower Emissions:** Decrease greenhouse gas emissions by reducing fossil fuel use.
- **Cost Savings:** Lower utility bills through efficient systems.
- **Comfort:** Stable indoor conditions with efficient systems.
4. **Building Material Selection**
- **Durability:** Long-lasting materials with minimal maintenance.
- **Thermal Mass:** Materials that store heat to regulate temperature.
- **Sustainability:** Environmentally friendly, recycled, and low-impact materials.
- **Local Availability:** Sourcing materials locally to reduce transportation energy.
5. **Topographic Maps**
- **Definition:** 3D terrain representation on a 2D map.
- **Contour Lines:** Lines connecting points of equal elevation.
- **Scale and Details:** Show elevation changes, landforms, and man-made features.
6. **Earth's Layers**
- **Crust:** Outermost layer (5–70 km thick).
- **Mantle:** Thick layer beneath the crust (2,900 km thick).
- **Core:** Outer and inner layers composed of iron and nickel.
7. **Basic Rock Types**
- **Igneous:** Formed from cooled magma or lava (e.g., granite, basalt).
- **Sedimentary:** Created by accumulated and lithified sediment (e.g., sandstone, limestone).
- **Metamorphic:** Transformed by heat and pressure (e.g., schist, gneiss).
8. **Types of Coal**
- **Anthracite:** Hard, high carbon content.
- **Bituminous:** Common for electricity and steel production.
- **Sub-bituminous:** Lower carbon content, used in power generation.
- **Lignite:** Lowest rank, high moisture content.
9. **Soil Compaction and Grain Sizes**
- **Compaction:** Increasing soil density to provide stable foundations.
- **Grain Sizes:**
- **Gravel:** >2 mm.
- **Sand:** 0.0625 mm – 2 mm.
- **Silt:** 0.002 mm – 0.0625 mm.
- **Clay:** <0.002 mm.
- **Compaction Tests:** Determine maximum dry density and optimum moisture content.
10. **Problematic Soil Types and Foundations**
- **Expansive Soils:** Change volume with moisture, damaging foundations; mitigation with deep foundations or moisture barriers.
- **Collapsible Soils:** Loose, compressible; require specialized foundations like pier and beam.
- **Organic Soils:** Weak and compressible; may need removal or engineered fill.
- **Peat Soils:** Highly compressible and wet; foundations may need to be floated or built on piles.
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